Abstract
São apresentados resultados do grau de cobertura do solo e da dinâmica da vegetação num olival de sequeiro, localizado em Mirandela, após a introdução de herbicidas como estratégia de manutenção do solo. As modalidades em estudo foram: mobilização tradicional; herbicida pós-emergência (glifosato); e herbicida com componentes de acção residual e pós-emergência (diurão+glifosato+terbut ilazina). O grau de cobertura e a composição da vegetação foram avaliados desde 2002 a 2007 pelo método do ponto quadrado. Ambas as soluções herbicidas combateram adequadamente a vegetação herbácea em aplicação única anual. O grau de cobertura no talhão mobilizado, antes da primeira mobilização, oscilou entre 50 a 80 % e 30 a 60 % debaixo e fora da copa, respectivamente. O tratamento com glifosato permitiu um grau de cobertura em Abril entre 60 a 90 % debaixo da copa e 40 a 50 % fora da copa. No tratamento com herbicida residual o grau de cobertura do solo foi sempre muito baixo ao longo do ano. A gestão da vegetação com glifosato permitiu a cobertura do solo durante todo o ano, com vegetação viva desde o Outono à Primavera e um mulching de vegetação morta durante o Verão. Nas restantes modalidades o solo permaneceu descoberto durante grande parte do ano. No talhão gerido com glifosato a vegetação manteve elevada dinâmica. Um ano após o início da aplicação de glifosato apareceu a dominar o coberto Ornithopus compressus. Com o tempo ganharam importância algumas espécies de Inverno de ciclo muito curto (como Mibora mínima e Logfia gallica) e outras de elevada produção de sementes e fácil dispersão pelo vento (como Hypochaeris radicata e Conyza canadensis) com origem provável em incultos e caminhos que circundam o olival ou em plantas individuais que escaparam à acção dos herbicidas. Results of the percentage of ground cover by weeds and the dynamic of the vegetation are presented after the introduction of herbicides as soil management strategies in a rainfed olive orchard. The field experiment was carried out in Mirandela, NE Portugal. The soil management treatments included: conventional tillage; post-emergence herbicide (glyphosate); and post-emergence plus residual herbicide (diuron+glyphosate+terb utilazine). The ground cover percentage and the botanical composition of vegetation were monitored since 2002 to 2007 from the point-quadrat method. Both the herbicide formulations killed efficiently the vegetation in a single annual application. The ground cover percentages in conventional tillage, prior to the first tillage event, varied between 50 to 80 % beneath the trees and between 30 to 60 % in the open space. The ground cover percentages in April, in the treatment of glyphosate, were in the range of 60 to 90 % and 40 to 50 % beneath the trees and between rows, respectively. In the residual herbicide plot the ground cover percentages were always very low. The soil of the glyphosate plot was covered with vegetation over all the year. In au-tumn/spring the soil was covered with green weeds and in the summer with a mulching of the dead material. In the glyphosate plot the dynamic of species was high. One year after the first application of herbicide, Ornithopus compressus appeared as the most abundant species. Thereafter, acquired relevance species with short growing cycles which seeds mature before April (e.g. Mibora minima, Logfia gallica) and other that produce a high number of seeds easily spread by wind (e.g. Hypochaeris radicata, Conyza canadensis) and which seeds proceeded from surrounding untilled fields and rural-tracks or from individual plants that escaped to the herbicide control.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Both herbicide formulations efficiently killed weeds with one annual application.
- Taxon
- vegetatione0
- Treatment
- herbicide formulationse0
- Outcome
- killed efficiently the vegetatione0
- Qualifier
- single annual applicatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Both the herbicide formulations killed efficiently the vegetation in a single annual application”
t0“olive orchard”
Claim · model-written summary
Before tillage, weed cover beneath trees ranged from 50 to 80%.
Verbatim
e0“The ground cover percentages in conventional tillage, prior to the first tillage event, varied between 50 to 80 % beneath the trees and between 30 to 60 % in the open space”
Claim · model-written summary
Before tillage, weed cover in open space ranged from 30 to 60%.
Verbatim
e0“The ground cover percentages in conventional tillage, prior to the first tillage event, varied between 50 to 80 % beneath the trees and between 30 to 60 % in the open space”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plot cover beneath trees was 60 to 90% in April.
Verbatim
e0“The ground cover percentages in April, in the treatment of glyphosate, were in the range of 60 to 90 % and 40 to 50 % beneath the trees and between rows, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plot cover between rows was 40 to 50% in April.
Verbatim
e0“The ground cover percentages in April, in the treatment of glyphosate, were in the range of 60 to 90 % and 40 to 50 % beneath the trees and between rows, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual herbicide plots consistently had very low ground cover.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“In the residual herbicide plot the ground cover percentages were always very low”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plots retained vegetation cover throughout the year, with green weeds in autumn and spring and dead mulch in summer.
Verbatim
e0“The soil of the glyphosate plot was covered with vegetation over all the year. In au-tumn/spring the soil was covered with green weeds and in the summer with a mulching of the dead material”
Claim · model-written summary
Species dynamics were high in the glyphosate plot.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In the glyphosate plot the dynamic of species was high”
Claim · model-written summary
Ornithopus compressus became most abundant one year after herbicide application.
- Taxon
- Ornithopus compressus
_Ornithopus_compressus_-_Habitus.jpg?width=60)
Ornithopus compressuse0 - Outcome
- most abundant speciese0
- Qualifier
- One year after the first application of herbicidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Ornithopus_compressus_-_Habitus.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“One year after the first application of herbicide, Ornithopus compressus appeared as the most abundant species”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-cycle species Mibora minima and Logfia gallica gained relevance later.
- Taxon
- Mibora minima
Mibora minimae0 - Outcome
- acquired relevancee0
- Qualifier
- short growing cyclese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thereafter, acquired relevance species with short growing cycles which seeds mature before April (e.g. Mibora minima, Logfia gallica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wind-dispersed high-seed-producing species Hypochaeris radicata and Conyza canadensis gained relevance later.
- Taxon
- Hypochaeris radicata
Hypochaeris radicatae0 - Outcome
- produce a high number of seeds easily spread by winde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“other that produce a high number of seeds easily spread by wind (e.g. Hypochaeris radicata, Conyza canadensis)”