Abstract
The use of sex pheromones as an option to control wireworms via mass trapping and the biology of Agriotes lineatus (L.) were investigated in a long-term field experiment at an organic research farm in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Plots supplied with sex pheromone traps were compared with untreated control plots. Over 5 years, a total of 12,378 male adults of A. lineatus, Agriotes obscurus (L.) and Agriotes sputator (L.) were captured in six traps located at 40 m distance in a grass-clover ley. The swarming period of the males lasted from late April to late August with one major and a small peak in the successive years for all three species. During 2006 and 2008 A. lineatus was the dominant species trapped with 4,005 male adults followed by A. obscurus (3,045) and A. sputator (1,213). The total number of wireworms captured over all sampling dates only slightly differed between the two pheromone treated plots (201 individuals) and the two control plots (230 individuals) suggesting no effect of mass trapping on wireworm abundance. The peak oviposition period of A. lineatus lasted from May to early June. Over a 30 month period the larvae passed through 8 instar stages (life cycle not completed) and attaining L4 instar stage before the first and L8 before the second overwintering. Non-chemical wireworm control will have to focus on cultural approaches including soil tillage and rotation design taking data on biology into account.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Over five years, traps captured 12,378 male adults of three Agriotes species.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosumt0 - Interactor
- A. lineatus
Agriotes lineatuse0pest - Second interactor
- Agriotes obscurus (L.)
Agriotes obscuruse0pest - Outcome
- male adults of A. lineatus, Agriotes obscurus (L.) and Agriotes sputator (L.) were capturede0
- Value
- 12,378 male adultse0
- Qualifier
- Agriotes sputator (L.)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over 5 years, a total of 12,378 male adults of A. lineatus, Agriotes obscurus (L.) and Agriotes sputator (L.) were captured in six traps located at 40 m distance in a grass-clover ley”
t0“potato tuber damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Male swarming lasted from late April to late August with a major and minor peak.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A. lineatusAgriotes lineatuse1pest
- Second interactor
- Agriotes obscurus (L.)Agriotes obscuruse1pest
- Outcome
- swarming periode0
- Value
- late April to late Auguste0
- Qualifier
- Agriotes sputator (L.)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The swarming period of the males lasted from late April to late August with one major and a small peak in the successive years for all three species”
e1“A. lineatus, Agriotes obscurus (L.) and Agriotes sputator (L.)”
t0“potato tuber damage”
Claim · model-written summary
A. lineatus was dominant in traps during 2006 and 2008, with 4,005 male adults.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A. lineatusAgriotes lineatuse0pest
- Outcome
- A. lineatus was the dominant species trappede0
- Value
- 4,005 male adultse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During 2006 and 2008 A. lineatus was the dominant species trapped with 4,005 male adults”
t0“potato tuber damage”
Claim · model-written summary
A. obscurus accounted for 3,045 trapped male adults.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A. obscurusAgriotes obscuruse0pest
- Outcome
- A. obscuruse0
- Value
- 3,045e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. obscurus (3,045) and A. sputator (1,213)”
t0“potato tuber damage”
Claim · model-written summary
A. sputator accounted for 1,213 trapped male adults.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A. sputator
Agriotes sputatore0pest - Outcome
- A. sputatore0
- Value
- 1,213e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. obscurus (3,045) and A. sputator (1,213)”
t0“potato tuber damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Wireworm captures differed only slightly between pheromone plots and controls, suggesting no abundance effect.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- pheromone treated plotse0
- Interactor
- wirewormse0pest
- Outcome
- wireworm abundancee0
- Direction
- only slightly differede0
- Value
- 201 individualse0
- Qualifier
- 230 individualse0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total number of wireworms captured over all sampling dates only slightly differed between the two pheromone treated plots (201 individuals) and the two control plots (230 individuals) suggesting no effect of mass trapping on wireworm abundance”
t0“potato tuber damage”
Claim · model-written summary
A. lineatus oviposition peaked from May to early June.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A. lineatusAgriotes lineatuse0pest
- Outcome
- peak oviposition period of A. lineatuse0
- Value
- May to early Junee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The peak oviposition period of A. lineatus lasted from May to early June”
t0“potato tuber damage”
Claim · model-written summary
A. lineatus larvae passed through eight instars over 30 months without completing the life cycle.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A. lineatusAgriotes lineatuse1pest
- Outcome
- larvae passed through 8 instar stagese0
- Value
- 30 monthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over a 30 month period the larvae passed through 8 instar stages (life cycle not completed) and attaining L4 instar stage before the first and L8 before the second overwintering”
e1“A. lineatus was the dominant species trapped”
t0“potato tuber damage”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend cultural approaches, including tillage and rotation, for nonchemical wireworm control.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- wireworme0pest
- Outcome
- cultural approaches including soil tillage and rotation designe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Non-chemical wireworm control will have to focus on cultural approaches including soil tillage and rotation design taking data on biology into account”
t0“potato tuber damage”