Abstract
Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is often found in long narrow corridors such as railroad right-of-ways and is difficult to treat. Two experiments were conducted to determine the establishment, population increase, and movement of Aphthona species flea beetles in confined area of leafy spurge. A. nigriscutis was released in a dense stand of leafy spurge along a railroad corridor on June 28, 1993. There were five treatments consisting of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 adult insects released per treatment, plots were 80 m apart, and replicated three times along a 4 km stretch of railroad right-of-way. A. nigriscutis flea beetles were found in all treatments each year after release and leafy spurge stem density began to decline the second year after release. The greatest stem density decrease was 72% when 500 beetles/plot were released. A. nigriscutis rate of spread from the release point was similar regardless of the initial release number. A similar experiment was established on July 10, 1995 with a mixed population of A. czwalinae/lacertosa on a separate corridor. The number of insects released was increased to 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 adults per treatment. A. czwalinae/lacertosa were found at all release points one year after release. The average stem density declined 71, 48, 60, and 23% within three m of the release point for the 2000, 1500, 1000, and 500 insect treatments, respectively. A. czwalinae/lacertosa were found at least 21 m from the release point within 2 years of the release. Aphthona spp established along the railroad right-of-ways and the rate of spread was similar regardless of the initial release number. However, the larger the release number the more rapid the leafy spurge stem density declined.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest leafy spurge stem density decrease, 72%, followed release of 500 A. nigriscutis beetles per plot.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esula
Euphorbia esulae0 - Treatment
- 500 beetles/plote2
- Interactor
- A. nigriscutisAphthona nigriscutise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- stem densitye2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 72%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e1“A. nigriscutis was released in a dense stand of leafy spurge along a railroad corridor on June 28, 1993”
e2“The greatest stem density decrease was 72% when 500 beetles/plot were released”
Claim · model-written summary
A. nigriscutis flea beetles were found in all treatments each year after release on Euphorbia esula.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Interactor
- A. nigriscutisAphthona nigriscutise3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- flea beetles were found in all treatments each year after releasee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e3“A. nigriscutis flea beetles were found in all treatments each year after release”
Claim · model-written summary
Leafy spurge stem density began to decline in the second year after A. nigriscutis release.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- releasee3
- Outcome
- leafy spurge stem densitye4
- Direction
- declinee4
- Qualifier
- the second year after releasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e3“A. nigriscutis flea beetles were found in all treatments each year after release”
e4“leafy spurge stem density began to decline the second year after release”
Claim · model-written summary
The rate of spread of A. nigriscutis from the release point was similar regardless of the initial release number.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- initial release numbere5
- Interactor
- A. nigriscutisAphthona nigriscutise5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- rate of spread from the release pointe5
- Direction
- similare5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e5“A. nigriscutis rate of spread from the release point was similar regardless of the initial release number”
Claim · model-written summary
A. czwalinae/lacertosa were found at all release points one year after release.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Interactor
- A. czwalinae/lacertosaAphthona czwalinaee7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- found at all release pointse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e7“A. czwalinae/lacertosa were found at all release points one year after release”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2000 insect treatment reduced average leafy spurge stem density by 71% within three m of the release point.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- insect treatmentse2
- Interactor
- A. czwalinae/lacertosaAphthona czwalinaee6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- stem densitye2
- Direction
- declinede2
- Value
- 71e2
- Qualifier
- 2000e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e6“with a mixed population of A. czwalinae/lacertosa on a separate corridor”
e2“The average stem density declined 71, 48, 60, and 23% within three m of the release point for the 2000, 1500, 1000, and 500 insect treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1500 insect treatment reduced average leafy spurge stem density by 48% within three m of the release point.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- insect treatmentse2
- Interactor
- A. czwalinae/lacertosaAphthona czwalinaee6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- stem densitye2
- Direction
- declinede2
- Value
- 48e2
- Qualifier
- 1500e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e6“with a mixed population of A. czwalinae/lacertosa on a separate corridor”
e2“The average stem density declined 71, 48, 60, and 23% within three m of the release point for the 2000, 1500, 1000, and 500 insect treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1000 insect treatment reduced average leafy spurge stem density by 60% within three m of the release point.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- insect treatmentse2
- Interactor
- A. czwalinae/lacertosaAphthona czwalinaee6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- stem densitye2
- Direction
- declinede2
- Value
- 60e2
- Qualifier
- 1000e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e6“with a mixed population of A. czwalinae/lacertosa on a separate corridor”
e2“The average stem density declined 71, 48, 60, and 23% within three m of the release point for the 2000, 1500, 1000, and 500 insect treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 500 insect treatment reduced average leafy spurge stem density by 23% within three m of the release point.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- insect treatmentse2
- Interactor
- A. czwalinae/lacertosaAphthona czwalinaee6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- stem densitye2
- Direction
- declinede2
- Value
- 23%e2
- Qualifier
- 500e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e6“with a mixed population of A. czwalinae/lacertosa on a separate corridor”
e2“The average stem density declined 71, 48, 60, and 23% within three m of the release point for the 2000, 1500, 1000, and 500 insect treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
A. czwalinae/lacertosa were found at least 21 m from the release point within 2 years of release.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Interactor
- A. czwalinae/lacertosaAphthona czwalinaee1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- found at least 21 m from the release pointe1
- Value
- 21 me1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e1“A. czwalinae/lacertosa were found at least 21 m from the release point within 2 years of the release”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphthona spp became established along the railroad right-of-ways.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Outcome
- established along the railroad right-of-wayse1
AphthonaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e1“Aphthona spp established along the railroad right-of-ways”
Claim · model-written summary
A larger release number led to a more rapid decline of leafy spurge stem density.
- Taxon
- Euphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulae0
- Treatment
- release numbere1
- Outcome
- leafy spurge stem densitye1
- Direction
- more rapide1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)”
e1“the larger the release number the more rapid the leafy spurge stem density declined”