Abstract
Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China. Its egg masses were intercepted on ships arriving to Pacific Northwest. If introduced and established in North America, L. mathura is likely to cause serious economic consequences. As a part of a program for development of monitoring and control measures, possible host range, larval air-borne dispersal, mating behavior, and pheromone communication of L. mathura were studied. Survival and development of first instars of L. mathura were examined on 24 hardwood and conifer tree species from North America, Europe, and Asia. Lymantria mathura performed well on hosts in the family Fagaceae. Survival and growth rate was high in the genus Fagus (beech) and Quercus (oak), particularly white oak group. Performance was intermediate on species of red oak group and species from Juglandaceae, Betulaceae, and Oleaceae. Survival was poor on Pinaceae. Dispersal rates, settling velocities, and diel periodicity of dispersal for both L. mathura and Asian L. dispar were studied to predict probable extent of neonate dispersal. Dispersal rates for L. mathura exceeded those of Asian and North American gypsy moths. Neonates of L. mathura weighed less and had slower settling velocities than Asian or North American gypsy moths. Pheromone-baited traps would be important for detecting introductions of L. mathura, but a sex pheromone has not yet been identified. I studied the olfactory reaction of males to females and to odor compounds in the wind tunnel. Number of males performing searching flight in a pheromone plume was lower than moths performing non-pheromone mediated flight. There was no difference in male performance when stimulated with preparations of female abdominal tip extracts or synthetic compounds derived from females. Studies of courtship showed that females initiated calling shortly after start of scotophase, and courtship occurred several hours later. Mating occurred after a calling female starts wing fanning, initiating a fanning response and flight in a nearby male. A receptive female lifts the wings and allows a male underneath. During behavioral studies, low frequency atonal sound associated with wing fanning was recorded in both sexes of L. mathura, and several other lymantriids tested for comparison. There were differences in wing beat frequencies between sexes and species.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Lymantria mathura performed well on hosts in the family Fagaceae.
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathura
Lymantria mathurae2pest - Outcome
- performed welle2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Lymantria mathura performed well on hosts in the family Fagaceae”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Survival and growth rate of L. mathura were high on Fagus (beech).
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- Survival and growth ratee3
- Direction
- highe3
_in_Humlamaden_1516.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
FagusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_in_Humlamaden_1516.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e3“Survival and growth rate was high in the genus Fagus (beech) and Quercus (oak), particularly white oak group”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Survival and growth rate of L. mathura were high on Quercus (oak), particularly the white oak group.
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- Survival and growth ratee3
- Direction
- highe3
- Qualifier
- particularly white oak groupe3
QuercusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Survival and growth rate was high in the genus Fagus (beech) and Quercus (oak), particularly white oak group”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Performance of L. mathura was intermediate on the red oak group.
- Taxon
- red oak groupe4
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- Performancee4
- Direction
- intermediatee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Performance was intermediate on species of red oak group and species from Juglandaceae, Betulaceae, and Oleaceae”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Performance of L. mathura was intermediate on species from Juglandaceae, Betulaceae and Oleaceae.
- Taxon
- Juglandaceae, Betulaceae, and OleaceaeBetulaceaeOleaceaeJuglandaceaee4
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- Performancee4
- Direction
- intermediatee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Performance was intermediate on species of red oak group and species from Juglandaceae, Betulaceae, and Oleaceae”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Survival of L. mathura was poor on Pinaceae.
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- Survivale5
- Direction
- poore5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Survival was poor on Pinaceae”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Neonate dispersal rates of L. mathura exceeded those of Asian and North American gypsy moths.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- Dispersal ratese6
- Direction
- exceedede6
- Comparator
- Asian and North American gypsy mothse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Dispersal rates for L. mathura exceeded those of Asian and North American gypsy moths”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Neonates of L. mathura weighed less than Asian or North American gypsy moths.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- weighede7
- Direction
- lesse7
- Comparator
- Asian or North American gypsy mothse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Neonates of L. mathura weighed less and had slower settling velocities than Asian or North American gypsy moths”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Neonates of L. mathura had slower settling velocities than Asian or North American gypsy moths.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- settling velocitiese7
- Direction
- slowere7
- Comparator
- Asian or North American gypsy mothse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Neonates of L. mathura weighed less and had slower settling velocities than Asian or North American gypsy moths”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Pheromone-baited traps would be important for detecting introductions of L. mathura.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- detecting introductionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Pheromone-baited traps would be important for detecting introductions of L. mathura”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Fewer males performed searching flight in a pheromone plume than moths performing non-pheromone flight.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- searching flight in a pheromone plumee1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- moths performing non-pheromone mediated flighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Number of males performing searching flight in a pheromone plume was lower than moths performing non-pheromone mediated flight”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Male performance did not differ when stimulated with female abdominal tip extracts or synthetic female-derived compounds.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Treatment
- preparations of female abdominal tip extracts or synthetic compounds derived from femalese1
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- male performancee1
- Direction
- no differencee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“There was no difference in male performance when stimulated with preparations of female abdominal tip extracts or synthetic compounds derived from females”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Females of L. mathura initiated calling shortly after the start of scotophase.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- callinge1
- Qualifier
- shortly after start of scotophasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“females initiated calling shortly after start of scotophase, and courtship occurred several hours later”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Courtship of L. mathura occurred several hours after calling started.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- courtshipe1
- Qualifier
- several hours latere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“females initiated calling shortly after start of scotophase, and courtship occurred several hours later”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Mating of L. mathura occurred after a calling female started wing fanning.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- Matinge1
- Qualifier
- after a calling female starts wing fanninge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Mating occurred after a calling female starts wing fanning, initiating a fanning response and flight in a nearby male”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
A low frequency atonal sound associated with wing fanning was recorded in both sexes of L. mathura.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- low frequency atonal sounde1
- Qualifier
- associated with wing fanninge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“low frequency atonal sound associated with wing fanning was recorded in both sexes of L. mathura”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”
Claim · model-written summary
Wing beat frequencies differed between sexes and species of L. mathura and related lymantriids.
- Taxon
- hardwood treese0
- Interactor
- Lymantria mathuraLymantria mathurae0pest
- Outcome
- wing beat frequenciese1
- Qualifier
- between sexes and speciese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“There were differences in wing beat frequencies between sexes and species”
e0“Lymantria mathura Moore is a polyphagous defoliator of hardwood trees in the Russian Far East, Japan, India, and China”