Abstract
Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) in the North-Western Himalayan region of India. Bioecological studies carried out during 1991 - '92 revealed that the females laid whitish, elliptical eggs singly on the depressed surface of the young cones. The average egg size was 1.00 ± 0.11 x 0.60 ±0.08 mm and this stage lasted for 3 - 5 days. The larval stage passed through five instars. All the instars differed in appearance, size and duration and larvae became full-fed in an average of 24.8 ± 1.9 days. The full-fed larva spun a cocoon around itself, sealed it with white papery membrane and pupated inside the cone or any other outside protected place. The prepupal and pupal periods lasted for 7-8 and 10-14 days, respectively. The pupa was dark brown, 13.8 ± 0.07 mm in length. Total period from egg to adult varied from 46 to 59 days (52.7 ±4.8 days). Adults were dirty brown in appearance and were 13.59±0.115 mm long with an average wing expanse of 29.0 ± 1.00 mm. They lived for 4 to 5 days. Under laboratory conditions, the pest completed two generations per year and full-fed larvae of 3rd generation overwintered during September - October. Two larval parasites belonging to order Hymenoptera and Diptera, and a fungal pathogen (Fusarium sp.) were found associated with this pest. The detailed biology, nature and extent of damage, along with its distribution have been discussed and methods of control suggested. Key Words: Insect biology, Insect ecology, Dioryctria abietella, Coniferae, North-Western Himalaya, Forest pests
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Average egg size of Dioryctria abietella is 1.00 ± 0.11 × 0.60 ± 0.08 mm.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietella
.jpg?width=60)
Dioryctria abietellae0pest - Outcome
- egg sizee1
- Value
- 1.00 ± 0.11 x 0.60 ±0.08 mme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“The average egg size was 1.00 ± 0.11 x 0.60 ±0.08 mm and this stage lasted for 3 - 5 days”
Claim · model-written summary
The egg stage of Dioryctria abietella lasts 3 - 5 days.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- this stage lastede1
- Value
- 3 - 5 dayse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“The average egg size was 1.00 ± 0.11 x 0.60 ±0.08 mm and this stage lasted for 3 - 5 days”
Claim · model-written summary
The larval stage of Dioryctria abietella has five instars.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- larval stagee1
- Value
- five instarse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“The larval stage passed through five instars”
Claim · model-written summary
Dioryctria abietella larvae become full-fed in 24.8 ± 1.9 days.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- larvae became full-fede1
- Value
- 24.8 ± 1.9 dayse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“larvae became full-fed in an average of 24.8 ± 1.9 days”
Claim · model-written summary
The prepupal period of Dioryctria abietella lasts 7-8 days.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- prepupal and pupal periodse1
- Value
- 7-8e1
- Qualifier
- respectivelye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“The prepupal and pupal periods lasted for 7-8 and 10-14 days, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The pupal period of Dioryctria abietella lasts 10-14 days.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- prepupal and pupal periodse1
- Value
- 10-14e1
- Qualifier
- respectivelye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“The prepupal and pupal periods lasted for 7-8 and 10-14 days, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The pupa of Dioryctria abietella is 13.8 ± 0.07 mm long.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- lengthe1
- Value
- 13.8 ± 0.07 mme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“The pupa was dark brown, 13.8 ± 0.07 mm in length”
Claim · model-written summary
Total egg-to-adult development of Dioryctria abietella lasts 52.7 ± 4.8 days.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- Total period from egg to adulte1
- Value
- 52.7 ±4.8 dayse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“Total period from egg to adult varied from 46 to 59 days (52.7 ±4.8 days)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult Dioryctria abietella are 13.59 ± 0.115 mm long.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- Adultse1
- Value
- 13.59±0.115 mme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“Adults were dirty brown in appearance and were 13.59±0.115 mm long”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult Dioryctria abietella have a wing expanse of 29.0 ± 1.00 mm.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- wing expansee1
- Value
- 29.0 ± 1.00 mme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“with an average wing expanse of 29.0 ± 1.00 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult Dioryctria abietella live 4 to 5 days.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- lived fore1
- Value
- 4 to 5 dayse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“They lived for 4 to 5 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Under laboratory conditions, Dioryctria abietella completes two generations per year.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- generationse1
- Value
- two generations per yeare1
- Qualifier
- Under laboratory conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“Under laboratory conditions, the pest completed two generations per year”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-fed larvae of the third generation of Dioryctria abietella overwinter in September - October.
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- overwinterede1
- Qualifier
- during September - Octobere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“full-fed larvae of 3rd generation overwintered during September - October”
Claim · model-written summary
A fungal pathogen, Fusarium sp., was found associated with Dioryctria abietella.
- Second interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- found associated with this peste1
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“a fungal pathogen (Fusarium sp.) were found associated with this pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval parasites of the orders Hymenoptera and Diptera were found associated with Dioryctria abietella.
- Interactor
- Hymenoptera and DipteraDipteraHymenopterae1parasite
- Second interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- larval parasitese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“Two larval parasites belonging to order Hymenoptera and Diptera”
Claim · model-written summary
Dioryctria abietella females lay whitish, elliptical eggs singly on the depressed surface of young cones.
- Organ / stage
- young conese1
- Interactor
- Dioryctria abietellaDioryctria abietellae0pest
- Outcome
- laid whitish, elliptical eggs singlye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cones and seeds of conifers, such as Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana are seriously damaged by Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiff.”
e1“the females laid whitish, elliptical eggs singly on the depressed surface of the young cones”