Abstract
Abstract Comparative studies on the occurrence of phytophageous pine caterpillars in South Germany since 1810. I. Areas of infestation in the Rheinpfalz . The occurrence of phytophageous pine caterpillars in two different regions of the Rheinpfalz since 1810 was examined by means of a thorough study of documents. The following species were taken into account: Bupalus piniarius L., Panolis flammea Schiff., Lymantria monacha L., Dendrolimus pint L. and Diprion pini L. In order to evaluate the frequency of outbreaks, an index rate was calculated for each year, using data on the excessive occurrence of the single species and the extent of economical damage. The results for the Rheinpfalz were compared with those of the forestry district Schwetzingen in the north of Baden. There were considerable differences between the individual species: In the Rheinpfalz, B. piniarius as well as L. monacha and P. flammea predominated. In the forestry district Schwetzingen however, these species were less frequent due to the more continentally influenced climate. Instead, Dendrolimus pini and Diprion pini , whose characteristics are the need of warmth and dryness, caused most of the outbreaks. In all three regions, a more frequent appearence of single species occurred during certain periods, the cause obviously being of a climatic nature. In spite of favourable conditions, the last period of observations (1931–1970) showed a distinct decline in the frequency of outbreaks. Zusammenfassung Mittels eingehender Aktenstudien wurde das Auftreten nadelfressender Kiefernraupen seit 1810 in zwei Schadgebieten der Rheinpfalz untersucht. Folgende Arten wurden berücksichtigt: Bupalus piniarius L., Panolis flammea Schiff., Lymantria monacha L., Dendrolimus pini L. und Diprion pini L. Zur Bewertung des Schädlingsauftretens wurde aus der Zahl der in Übervermehrung aufgetretenen Arten und dem Ausmaß des wirtschaftlichen Schadens für jedes Jahr ein Indexwert berechnet. Zum Vergleich wurde den rheinpfälzischen Befunden die Schädlingsgeschichte des nordbadischen Forstamtes Schwetzingen gegenübergestellt. Die Summe der Indexwerte für den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum als Kennwert der Befallshäufigkeit beträgt 248 für Untersuchungsgebiet I, 67 für Untersuchungsgebiet II und 183 für das Forstamt Schwetzingen. Der Anteil der Arten am Gesamtbefall zeigt deutliche Unterschiede: In der Rheinpfalz überwiegen Kiefernspanner sowie Nonne und Forleule, im klimatisch stärker kontinental beeinflußten Forstamt Schwetzingen dagegen treten diese Arten zurück gegenüber Kiefernspinner und Buschhornblattwespe, für die besonders hohe Wärme‐ und Trockenheitsansprüche charakteristisch sind. In bestimmten Zeitabschnitten zeigen einzelne Arten in allen Gebieten verstärktes Auftreten, es handelt sich hierbei offenbar um die Wirkung klimatischer Einflüsse. Im letzten Beobachtungszeitraum 1931–1970 ist trotz günstiger klimatischer Bedingungen in der Rheinpfalz und im Forstamt Schwetzingen ein deutlicher Rückgang der Schädlingshäufigkeit zu verzeichnen. Ein Zusammenhang mit dem seit 1925 großflächig durchgeführten Laubholzunterbau und der Neubegründung von Mischbeständen wird vermutet; in einer Fortsetzung dieser Studie wird er näher untersucht.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
B. piniarius predominated in the Rheinpfalz.
- Taxon
- B. piniarius
Bupalus piniariae0 - Outcome
- predominatede0
- Setting
- Rheinpfalze0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the Rheinpfalz, B. piniarius as well as L. monacha and P. flammea predominated.”
Claim · model-written summary
L. monacha predominated in the Rheinpfalz.
- Taxon
- L. monacha
Lymantria monachae0 - Outcome
- predominatede0
- Setting
- Rheinpfalze0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the Rheinpfalz, B. piniarius as well as L. monacha and P. flammea predominated.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. flammea predominated in the Rheinpfalz.
- Taxon
- P. flammea
Panolis flammeae0 - Outcome
- predominatede0
- Setting
- Rheinpfalze0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the Rheinpfalz, B. piniarius as well as L. monacha and P. flammea predominated.”
Claim · model-written summary
B. piniarius was less frequent in Schwetzingen, attributed to its more continental climate.
- Taxon
- B. piniariusBupalus piniariae0
- Outcome
- less frequente0
- Direction
- less frequente0
- Qualifier
- more continentally influenced climatee0
- Setting
- Schwetzingene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the Rheinpfalz, B. piniarius as well as L. monacha and P. flammea predominated. In the forestry district Schwetzingen however, these species were less frequent due to the more continentally influenced climate.”
Claim · model-written summary
L. monacha was less frequent in Schwetzingen, attributed to its more continental climate.
- Taxon
- L. monachaLymantria monachae0
- Outcome
- less frequente0
- Direction
- less frequente0
- Qualifier
- more continentally influenced climatee0
- Setting
- Schwetzingene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the Rheinpfalz, B. piniarius as well as L. monacha and P. flammea predominated. In the forestry district Schwetzingen however, these species were less frequent due to the more continentally influenced climate.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. flammea was less frequent in Schwetzingen, attributed to its more continental climate.
- Taxon
- P. flammeaPanolis flammeae0
- Outcome
- less frequente0
- Direction
- less frequente0
- Qualifier
- more continentally influenced climatee0
- Setting
- Schwetzingene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the Rheinpfalz, B. piniarius as well as L. monacha and P. flammea predominated. In the forestry district Schwetzingen however, these species were less frequent due to the more continentally influenced climate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dendrolimus pini caused most outbreaks in Schwetzingen together with Diprion pini.
- Taxon
- Dendrolimus pini
Dendrolimus pinie0 - Outcome
- outbreakse0
- Direction
- moste0
- Setting
- Schwetzingene1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Instead, Dendrolimus pini and Diprion pini , whose characteristics are the need of warmth and dryness, caused most of the outbreaks.”
e1“In the forestry district Schwetzingen however”
Claim · model-written summary
Diprion pini caused most outbreaks in Schwetzingen together with Dendrolimus pini.
- Taxon
- Diprion pini
Diprion pinie0 - Outcome
- outbreakse0
- Direction
- moste0
- Setting
- Schwetzingene1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Instead, Dendrolimus pini and Diprion pini , whose characteristics are the need of warmth and dryness, caused most of the outbreaks.”
e1“In the forestry district Schwetzingen however”
Claim · model-written summary
Periodic increases in individual species across all three regions were attributed to climatic causes.
- Outcome
- appearence of single speciese0
- Direction
- more frequente0
- Qualifier
- climatic naturee0
- Setting
- all three regionse0
PinusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all three regions, a more frequent appearence of single species occurred during certain periods, the cause obviously being of a climatic nature.”
e1“phytophageous pine caterpillars in South Germany since 1810”
Claim · model-written summary
Outbreak frequency declined distinctly during 1931–1970 despite favourable conditions.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In spite of favourable conditions, the last period of observations (1931–1970) showed a distinct decline in the frequency of outbreaks.”
e1“phytophageous pine caterpillars in South Germany since 1810”
Claim · model-written summary
The summed infestation index was 248 in study area I.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Die Summe der Indexwerte für den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum als Kennwert der Befallshäufigkeit beträgt 248 für Untersuchungsgebiet I, 67 für Untersuchungsgebiet II und 183 für das Forstamt Schwetzingen.”
e1“phytophageous pine caterpillars in South Germany since 1810”
Claim · model-written summary
The summed infestation index was 67 in study area II.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Die Summe der Indexwerte für den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum als Kennwert der Befallshäufigkeit beträgt 248 für Untersuchungsgebiet I, 67 für Untersuchungsgebiet II und 183 für das Forstamt Schwetzingen.”
e1“phytophageous pine caterpillars in South Germany since 1810”
Claim · model-written summary
The summed infestation index was 183 in Schwetzingen.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Die Summe der Indexwerte für den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum als Kennwert der Befallshäufigkeit beträgt 248 für Untersuchungsgebiet I, 67 für Untersuchungsgebiet II und 183 für das Forstamt Schwetzingen.”
e1“phytophageous pine caterpillars in South Germany since 1810”
Claim · model-written summary
The outbreak decline was hypothesized to be associated with broadleaf underplanting and new mixed stands since 1925.
- Outcome
- Rückgang der Schädlingshäufigkeite1
- Qualifier
- seit 1925 großflächig durchgeführten Laubholzunterbau und der Neubegründung von Mischbeständene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ein Zusammenhang mit dem seit 1925 großflächig durchgeführten Laubholzunterbau und der Neubegründung von Mischbeständen wird vermutet”
e1“ein deutlicher Rückgang der Schädlingshäufigkeit zu verzeichnen”
e2“phytophageous pine caterpillars in South Germany since 1810”