Abstract
Plot-scale field studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of steam for the control of cropland weeds in comparison with common herbicides. Weed densities, biomass, or emergence after treatment were measured. Steam (3,200 kg/ha, energy dosage equivalent to 890 kJ/m2, speed of 0.8 m/s) and glyphosate (560 g ai/ha) gave similar control (> 90%) of seedling common lambsquarters and seedling redroot pigweed. Applied at heading, steam was comparable to glyphosate in reducing green foxtail biomass at heading 2 wk after application. Steam applied at a rate of 3,200 kg/ha significantly reduced weed biomass (mixed stand, treated at seedling stage) 9 wk after application compared with the control, whereas steam applied at a rate of 1,600 kg/ha (1.6 m/s) did not. Biomass of downy brome treated with steam was reduced more at anthesis than at the seedling growth stage. Emergence of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and black nightshade was not affected by steam application. Amount of steam applied, weed species, and growth stage are key factors in determining control effectiveness.Nomenclature: Glyphosate; black nightshade, Solanum nigrum L. #3 SOLNI; downy brome, Bromus tectorum L. # BROTE; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; green foxtail, Setaria viridis L. # SETVI; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. # AMARE.Additional index words: Kochia scoparia L. Schrad., KOCSC, paraquat, pelargonic acid, SALIB, Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Steam and glyphosate gave similar control (>90%) of seedling common lambsquarters and seedling redroot pigweed.
Verbatim
e0“Steam (3,200 kg/ha, energy dosage equivalent to 890 kJ/m2, speed of 0.8 m/s) and glyphosate (560 g ai/ha) gave similar control (> 90%) of seedling common lambsquarters and seedling redroot pigweed”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied at heading, steam was comparable to glyphosate in reducing green foxtail biomass 2 weeks after application.
Verbatim
e1“Applied at heading, steam was comparable to glyphosate in reducing green foxtail biomass at heading 2 wk after application”
Claim · model-written summary
Steam applied at 3,200 kg/ha significantly reduced weed biomass in a mixed stand treated at the seedling stage 9 weeks after application compared with the control.
Verbatim
e2“Steam applied at a rate of 3,200 kg/ha significantly reduced weed biomass (mixed stand, treated at seedling stage) 9 wk after application compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Steam applied at 1,600 kg/ha (1.6 m/s) did not significantly reduce weed biomass 9 weeks after application compared with the control.
Verbatim
e2“Steam applied at a rate of 3,200 kg/ha significantly reduced weed biomass (mixed stand, treated at seedling stage) 9 wk after application compared with the control”
e3“whereas steam applied at a rate of 1,600 kg/ha (1.6 m/s) did not”
Claim · model-written summary
Steam reduced downy brome biomass more at anthesis than at the seedling growth stage.
- Taxon
- downy brome
Bromus tectorume4 - Organ / stage
- anthesise4
- Treatment
- steame4
- Outcome
- Biomasse4
- Direction
- reduced moree4
- Comparator
- seedling growth stagee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Biomass of downy brome treated with steam was reduced more at anthesis than at the seedling growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Emergence of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed and black nightshade was not affected by steam application.
- Taxon
- common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and black nightshadee5
- Treatment
- steam applicatione5
- Outcome
- Emergencee5
- Direction
- not affectede5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“Emergence of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and black nightshade was not affected by steam application”
Claim · model-written summary
Amount of steam applied, weed species and growth stage are key factors determining steam control effectiveness.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e6“Amount of steam applied, weed species, and growth stage are key factors in determining control effectiveness”