Abstract
Despite Juniperus spp. being an important component of Mediterranean arid and semi-arid ecosystems, there is a lack of complex studies on their biogeographical patterns. Using 16 morphological cone and seed traits and three nuclear microsatellite markers, we investigated the morphological and genetic variability of seven Mediterranean and Macaronesian Juniperus taxa (J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus, J. oxycedrus ssp. badia, J. brevifolia, J. cedrus, J. deltoides, J. macrocarpa and J. navicularis) to identify biogeographical trends and interspecific genetic relationships. The highest gene diversity was measured in J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus (HE = 0.716) and the lowest in J. brevifolia (HE = 0.441). The west Mediterranean was characterized by a higher level of genetic diversity than the east Mediterranean. A lack of significant genetic differences between European and African populations of J. oxycedrus suggests that the Strait of Gibraltar was not a significant barrier to gene flow, but has promoted some morphological differentiation. The genetic and morphological results strongly support the recognition of J. macrocarpa, J. navicularis and J. deltoides at the species rank, whereas J. oxycedrus ssp. badia should be included in J. oxycedrus. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174, 637–653.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus had the highest gene diversity (HE = 0.716) among the taxa.
- Taxon
- J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus
Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedruse1 - Outcome
- gene diversitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- HE = 0.716e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest gene diversity was measured in J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus (HE = 0.716) and the lowest in J. brevifolia (HE = 0.441)”
Claim · model-written summary
Juniperus brevifolia had the lowest gene diversity (HE = 0.441) among the taxa.
- Taxon
- J. brevifolia
Juniperus brevifoliae1 - Outcome
- gene diversitye1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- HE = 0.441e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest gene diversity was measured in J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus (HE = 0.716) and the lowest in J. brevifolia (HE = 0.441)”
Claim · model-written summary
The west Mediterranean had a higher level of genetic diversity than the east Mediterranean.
- Outcome
- level of genetic diversitye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- the east Mediterraneane2
- Setting
- west Mediterraneane2
JuniperusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite Juniperus spp. being an important component of Mediterranean arid and semi-arid ecosystems”
e2“The west Mediterranean was characterized by a higher level of genetic diversity than the east Mediterranean”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant genetic differences were found between European and African populations of J. oxycedrus.
- Taxon
- J. oxycedrusJuniperus oxycedruse3
- Outcome
- genetic differences between European and African populationse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“A lack of significant genetic differences between European and African populations of J. oxycedrus”
Claim · model-written summary
The Strait of Gibraltar was not a significant barrier to gene flow in J. oxycedrus.
- Taxon
- J. oxycedrusJuniperus oxycedruse3
- Outcome
- barrier to gene flowe4
- Qualifier
- Strait of Gibraltare4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“A lack of significant genetic differences between European and African populations of J. oxycedrus”
e4“the Strait of Gibraltar was not a significant barrier to gene flow”
Claim · model-written summary
The Strait of Gibraltar promoted some morphological differentiation of J. oxycedrus.
- Taxon
- J. oxycedrusJuniperus oxycedruse3
- Outcome
- morphological differentiatione5
- Direction
- promotede5
- Qualifier
- Strait of Gibraltare4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“A lack of significant genetic differences between European and African populations of J. oxycedrus”
e4“the Strait of Gibraltar was not a significant barrier to gene flow, but has promoted some morphological differentiation”
e5“has promoted some morphological differentiation”
Claim · model-written summary
The genetic and morphological results support recognition of J. macrocarpa, J. navicularis and J. deltoides at the species rank.
- Taxon
- J. macrocarpa, J. navicularis and J. deltoides
.JPG?width=60)
Juniperus navicularis
Juniperus macrocarpa
Juniperus deltoidese6 - Outcome
- recognitione6
- Qualifier
- at the species ranke6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e6“The genetic and morphological results strongly support the recognition of J. macrocarpa, J. navicularis and J. deltoides at the species rank”
Claim · model-written summary
Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. badia should be included in J. oxycedrus.
- Taxon
- J. oxycedrus ssp. badiaJuniperus oxycedrus var. badiae7
- Outcome
- included in J. oxycedruse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“J. oxycedrus ssp. badia should be included in J. oxycedrus”