Abstract
BACKGROUND: Plant architecture and the timing and distribution of reproductive structures are fundamental agronomic traits shaped by patterns of determinate and indeterminate growth. Florigen, encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis and SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) in tomato, acts as a general growth hormone, advancing determinate growth. Domestication of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) converted it from a lanky photoperiodic perennial to a highly inbred, compact day-neutral plant that is managed as an annual row-crop. This dramatic change in plant architecture provides a unique opportunity to analyze the transition from perennial to annual growth. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To explore these architectural changes, we addressed the role of day-length upon flowering in an ancestral, perennial accession and in a domesticated variety of cotton. Using a disarmed Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV) as a transient expression system, we delivered FT to both cotton accessions. Ectopic expression of FT in ancestral cotton mimicked the effects of day-length, promoting photoperiod-independent flowering, precocious determinate architecture, and lanceolate leaf shape. Domesticated cotton infected with FT demonstrated more synchronized fruiting and enhanced "annualization". Transient expression of FT also facilitated simple crosses between wild photoperiodic and domesticated day-neutral accessions, effectively demonstrating a mechanism to increase genetic diversity among cultivated lines of cotton. Virus was not detected in the F(1) progeny, indicating that crosses made by this approach do not harbor recombinant DNA molecules. CONCLUSIONS: These findings extend our understanding of FT as a general growth hormone that regulates shoot architecture by advancing organ-specific and age-related determinate growth. Judicious manipulation of FT could benefit cotton architecture to improve crop management.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
FT expression made ancestral cotton flower independently of photoperiod.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Material
- ancestral cottone0
- Treatment
- Ectopic expression of FTe0
- Gene
- FTe0
- Outcome
- photoperiod-independent floweringe0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ectopic expression of FT in ancestral cotton mimicked the effects of day-length, promoting photoperiod-independent flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
FT expression promoted precocious determinate architecture and lanceolate leaves in ancestral cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- FTt0
- Gene
- FTt0
- Outcome
- precocious determinate architecture, and lanceolate leaf shapee0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting photoperiod-independent flowering, precocious determinate architecture, and lanceolate leaf shape”
t0“Ectopic expression of FT in ancestral cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
FT delivery produced more synchronized fruiting in domesticated cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- Domesticated cottone0
- Treatment
- infected with FTe0
- Gene
- FTe0
- Outcome
- fruitinge0
- Direction
- more synchronizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Domesticated cotton infected with FT demonstrated more synchronized fruiting”
Claim · model-written summary
FT delivery enhanced annualization in domesticated cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- FTt0
- Outcome
- "annualization"e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced "annualization"”
t0“Domesticated cotton infected with FT”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient FT expression facilitated crosses between wild and domesticated cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Transient expression of FTe0
- Gene
- FTe0
- Outcome
- simple crosses between wild photoperiodic and domesticated day-neutral accessionse0
- Comparator
- wild photoperiodic and domesticated day-neutral accessionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transient expression of FT also facilitated simple crosses between wild photoperiodic and domesticated day-neutral accessions”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus was undetected in F1 progeny from FT-mediated cotton crosses.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- F(1) progenye0
- Outcome
- Virus was not detected in the F(1) progenye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Virus was not detected in the F(1) progeny”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend judicious FT manipulation for cotton crop management.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Gene
- FTe0
- Outcome
- Judicious manipulation of FT could benefit cotton architecture to improve crop managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Judicious manipulation of FT could benefit cotton architecture to improve crop management”
The same questions in other papers
infection · phenology · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
stage · phenology · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.