Abstract
In June 2004, wilted tomatoes with no foliar yellowing were observed in Ouègbo, Atlantique District, Benin. The cut tomato stems released whitish bacterial ooze. Longitudinal sections of most stems showed brown vascular discoloration. Twenty symptomatic tomato plants were collected from 10 fields and exported to the Institute of Plant Disease and Plant Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany. Bacteria were isolated on triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) medium (2) and three of the nine bacterial isolates that resembled Ralstonia solanacearum (colonies with red center and whitish periphery) and reference strain ToUdk (race 1 biovar 3; N. Thaveechai, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand) were used for pathogenicity tests. Five 4-week-old tomato plants cv. Tohounvi, grown in individual plastic pots (14 × 16 cm) containing sterilized field soil, were inoculated with each of the four isolates individually by soil drenching with 30 ml of the test cultures at 10 8 CFU/ml. Control plants were treated with 30 ml of sterile water. All plants were incubated in a glasshouse at 30°C. All plants inoculated with the isolates from Benin wilted 4 days after inoculation with symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Plants inoculated with the reference strain wilted 7 to 11 days after inoculation. Control plants treated with water remained healthy. R. solanacearum was recovered from the 20 symptomatic plants on TTC medium. The identity of the strains in comparison with the reference strain was confirmed by PCR with species-specific primers 759/760, which produced a single 281-bp fragment (3). Because similar symptoms were being increasingly reported by farmers across Benin and linked with reduced tomato yields, a disease survey was undertaken by IITA in 2006 and 2007. Wilted tomato plants were found across all agro-ecological zones of Benin (3 to 72% of plants per field). Isolates were recovered from the southeastern districts of Adja-Ouèrè, Sakété, Adjohoun, and Dangbo, the southwestern districts of Klouékanmè and Athiémé, the southern districts of Toffo and Bohicon, the central districts of Dassa and Savè, and the northern districts of Malanville and Karimama. Identification of R. solanacearum was confirmed following inoculation of tomato, production of characteristic wilting symptoms, recovery of the pathogen on TTC medium, and positive identification with ELISA kits (Pathoscreen Rs; Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solanacearum infecting tomato in Benin. Tomato is the most cultivated vegetable crop in Benin and important to the livelihood of many people in peri-urban and rural areas. Understanding that the cause of the observed crop losses is R. solanacearum may lead to implementation of management strategies such as deployment of disease-resistant cultivars or grafting tomatoes onto bacterial wilt-resistant rootstocks (1). References: (1) P. Aggarwal et al. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 78:379, 2008. (2) A. Kelman. Phytopathology 44:693, 1954. (3) N. Opina et al. Asian Pac. J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol. 5:19, 1997.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Wilted tomatoes without foliar yellowing occurred in Ouègbo, Benin.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Outcome
- wilted tomatoes with no foliar yellowinge0
- Setting
- Ouègbo, Atlantique District, Benine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wilted tomatoes with no foliar yellowing were observed in Ouègbo, Atlantique District, Benin”
Claim · model-written summary
Affected tomato stems released bacterial ooze and showed brown vascular discoloration.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Outcome
- whitish bacterial oozee0
- Qualifier
- brown vascular discoloratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cut tomato stems released whitish bacterial ooze. Longitudinal sections of most stems showed brown vascular discoloration.”
Claim · model-written summary
All tomato plants inoculated with Benin isolates wilted after four days.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated with the isolates from Benine0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearum
Ralstonia solanacearumt0pathogen - Outcome
- wiltede0
- Value
- 4 dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All plants inoculated with the isolates from Benin wilted 4 days after inoculation with symptoms similar to those observed in the field.”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomatoes inoculated with the reference strain wilted after 7 to 11 days.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated with the reference straine0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- wiltede0
- Value
- 7 to 11 dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants inoculated with the reference strain wilted 7 to 11 days after inoculation.”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-treated control tomato plants remained healthy.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treated with watere0
- Outcome
- remained healthye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control plants treated with water remained healthy.”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ralstonia solanacearum was recovered from 20 symptomatic tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- R. solanacearum was recoverede0
- Value
- 20 symptomatic plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. solanacearum was recovered from the 20 symptomatic plants on TTC medium.”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Species-specific PCR confirmed identity of the Ralstonia isolates and yielded a 281-bp fragment.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- identity of the strainse0
- Value
- 281-bp fragmente0
- Comparator
- reference straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The identity of the strains in comparison with the reference strain was confirmed by PCR with species-specific primers 759/760, which produced a single 281-bp fragment”
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Wilted tomato plants occurred across all agro-ecological zones of Benin at 3 to 72% per field.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Wilted tomato plantse0
- Value
- 3 to 72% of plants per fielde0
- Setting
- Benine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wilted tomato plants were found across all agro-ecological zones of Benin (3 to 72% of plants per field).”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation, symptom reproduction, pathogen recovery and ELISA confirmed R. solanacearum as the tomato wilt agent.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Identification of R. solanacearume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Identification of R. solanacearum was confirmed following inoculation of tomato, production of characteristic wilting symptoms, recovery of the pathogen on TTC medium, and positive identification with ELISA kits”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report R. solanacearum infecting tomato in Benin for the first time.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- R. solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- R. solanacearum infecting tomatoe0
- Setting
- Benine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solanacearum infecting tomato in Benin.”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Ralstonia solanacearum · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
26 papers more in this group
See all 30 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.