Abstract
Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung The effects of rust (Puccinia lagenophorae) on competition between groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) and lettuce were investigated. In small tubs in a glasshouse environment, rust infection reduced the dry weight yield of groundsel both in monocultures and mixtures with lettuce at total densities from 35 to c. 1100 plants m ‐2 . While rust did not affect the relative mixture response of groundsel it resulted in a significant decrease in the relative mixture response of lettuce. Indeed, the yield‐density relationship of lettuce in mixture with rusted groundsel was not significantly different from that of lettuce in monoculture. At 1120 groundsel plants m ‐2 , lettuce yield in mixture with uninoculated groundsel was inhibited by c. 50% when the ratio of lettuce: groundsel (L:G) was 1:3. By contrast, in mixture with rusted groundsel, lettuce yield per tub was not changed by varying L:G, eight lettuce with 24 groundsel yielding no less than 32 in monoculture. Although the severity of rust did not appear to differ, infection inhibited groundsel yield and modified competitive interactions only when L:G was low. In a field experiment the fresh weight yield of lettuce was significantly inhibited by interference from uninoculated groundsel at all sowing densities from 250 to 65 000 seed m ‐2 . Conversely, lettuce yield was not significantly reduced by rust‐infected groundsel until weed density exceeded c. 4000 m ‐2 . Even at greater sowing densities, lettuce yield in plots with rusted groundsel was two to three limes greater than in plots with uninoculated groundsel. Inoculation with rust reduced the impact of groundsel upon lettuce yield without causing any significant increase in groundsel mortality. The effects of rust were consistent in both glasshouse and field and were attributed to the decreased competitive ability of infected groundsel plants, especially at high density. The implications of the results for the use of rusts in biocontrol are discussed. Effets d'une infection par la rouille de Senecio vulgaris L. sur la competition en culture de laitue Les effets de la rouille (Puccinia lagenophorae) sur la compétition entre le séneçon vulgaire (Senecio vulgaris L.) et la lailue ont étéétudiés. Dans des petits containers sous serre, une infestation de rouille a réduit le poids sec du seneçon tant seul qu'en mélange avec des laitues, à des densités de 35 à 1100 plantes m ‐2 ). Bien que la rouille n'ait pas affecté le comportement relatif du seneçon en mélange, on a abouti à une réduction significative de la réponse de la laitue en mélange. En effet, la relation poids‐densité de la laitue en mélange avec des seneçons ‘rouilles’, n'était pas significativement différente de celle de la laitue seule. A 1120 pieds de seneçons m ‐2 le poids de lailue en mélange avec des pieds sains était réduit de 50% pour un ratio laitue/seneçon de 1/3. Par opposition, en mélange avec le seneçon ‘rouillé’, le poids de laitue par container n'a pas changé même en faisant varier le rapport L/S. 8 laitues avec 24 seneçons ne pèsent pas moins que 32 laitues seules. Bien que la sévérité de l'attaque de rouille ne semble pas entraîner de différence, l'infection a contrarié le poids des seneçons et modifié la compétition inter espèces seulement quand le rapport L/S était bas. Au champ, le poids frais de laitue a été significativement réduit par l'interférence de seneçons sains à toutes les densités de semis (de 250 à 65000 graines m ‐2 ). Au contraire, le poids de laitue n'a pas été signifieativement réduit par des seneçons attaqués par lu rouille jusqu’à des densités supérieures à 4000 m ‐2 . Même à des densités de semis plus importantes, le poids des laitues dans les parcelles avec des seneçons attaqués était 2 à 3 fois plus grand que dans les parcelles sans inoculation de seneçon. L'inoculation avec la rouille a réduit l'impact du seneçon sur le poids de la laitue sans engendrer d'augmentation sensible de la mortalité du seneçon. Les effets de la rouille ont été conséquents à la fois en serre et en plein champs et on leur a attribué la baisse de compétitivité des plantes de seneçon infestées, spécialement aux fortes densités. Les implications de ces résultats sur l'utilisation possible des rouilles en lutte biologique fait l'objet d'une discussion. Die Beeinflussung der Konkurrenzkraft von Senecio vulgaris auf Salat durch Rostinfektionen In der vorliegendcn Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von Rost (Puccinia lagenophorae) auf die Konkurrenzkraft des Gemeinen Kreuzkrauts (Senecio vulgaris L.) gegenüber Salat (Lactuca sativa cv. ‘Avon Defiance’) untersucht. Unter Gcwächshausbedingungen reduzierten Rostinfektionen das Trockengewicht von S. vulgaris , sowohl in Monokultur als auch in Mischung mit L. sativa , bei einer totalen Pflanzendichte von 35 bis 1100 Pflanzen m ‐2 . Während die Rostinfektionen die relative Wachstumsreaktion von S. vulgaris , wenn in Mischung mit L. sativa wachsend, nicht beinflusste, hatte die Infektion eine signifikante Reduktion der Konkurrenzwirkung auf Salat zur Folge. Tatsächlich war die Beziehung zwischen Ernie und Pflanzendichte von in Mischkultur mit rostinfiziertem Kreuzkraut wachsendem Salat nicht signifikant verschieden von dem in Monokultur gewachsenem Salat. In Gegenwart von 1120 nicht infizierten Kreuzkrautpfianzen m ‐2 war die Salaternte um 50% verringert, wenn das Zahlenverhältnis Salat/Kreuzkraut (S:K) 1:3 war. Demgegenüber wurde in Mischung mit infizieriem Kreuzkraut die Salaternte pro Kulturbehälter durch die Veränderung des Verhältnisses S:K nicht beeinflusst; 8 Salatpflanzen, mit 24 Kreuzkrautexemplaren zusammen kultiviert, ergaben nicht weniger Ernteertrag als 32 in Monokultur gewachsene Salatpflanzen. Obwohl die Schwere der Infektionen nicht verschieden zu sein schien, reduzierten sie die Krautgewichte der Kreuzkrautpflanzen und ihre Konkurrenzkraft nur, wenn das Verhältnis S: K klein war. In einem Feldversuch wurden die Erntefrischgewichte des Salats durch die Konkurrenz nicht infizierter Kreuzkrautpfianzcn, bei Saatdichten von 250–65 000 Samen m ‐2 , signifikant gehemmt, Im Gegensatz dazu vermochte rostinfizierles Kreuzkraut, bis zu einer Unkrautdichte von 4000 Pflanzen m ‐2 , die Erntegewichte des Salats nicht signifikant herabzusetzen. Sogar bei höheren Unkrautdichten war die Salaternte in Parzellen mit infiziertem Kreuzkraul 2–3 mal höher als in Gegenwart von nicht befallenem Unkraut. Die Infektion von S. vulgaris durch Rost verringerte die Beeintächtigung der Salaternte durch das Unkraut, ohne dass eine signifikante Erhöhung der Mortalität des letzteren feststellbar war. Die durch Rostinfektioen bedingten Effekte waren in Gewächshaus und Freiland übereinstimmend und wurden der verminderten Konkurrenzkraft befallener Kreuzkrautpflanzen zugeschrieben; dies war speziell manifest in Gegenwart hoher Unkrautdichten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung werden im Lichte der Möglichkeit diskutiert, Rostinfektionen als biologischcs Bekämpfungsmittel einzusetzen.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Rust infection reduced groundsel dry weight yield in monocultures and mixtures with lettuce in the glasshouse.
- Taxon
- Senecio vulgaris
_(10171293746).jpg?width=60)
Senecio vulgarist0 - Treatment
- rust infectione1
- Interactor
- Puccinia lagenophorae
Puccinia lagenophoraee0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- dry weight yield of groundsele1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- a glasshouse environmente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(10171293746).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e0“The effects of rust (Puccinia lagenophorae) on competition between groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) and lettuce were investigated”
e1“In small tubs in a glasshouse environment, rust infection reduced the dry weight yield of groundsel both in monocultures and mixtures with lettuce at total densities from 35 to c. 1100 plants m ‐2”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust did not affect the relative mixture response of groundsel.
- Taxon
- Senecio vulgarisSenecio vulgarist0
- Treatment
- ruste2
- Interactor
- Puccinia lagenophoraePuccinia lagenophoraee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- relative mixture response of groundsele2
- Direction
- did not affecte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e0“The effects of rust (Puccinia lagenophorae) on competition between groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) and lettuce were investigated”
e2“While rust did not affect the relative mixture response of groundsel it resulted in a significant decrease in the relative mixture response of lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust significantly decreased the relative mixture response of lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- ruste2
- Interactor
- groundsele2weed
- Outcome
- relative mixture response of lettucee2
- Direction
- significant decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e2“While rust did not affect the relative mixture response of groundsel it resulted in a significant decrease in the relative mixture response of lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield-density relationship of lettuce in mixture with rusted groundsel was not significantly different from lettuce in monoculture.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- rusted groundsele3
- Interactor
- groundsele3weed
- Outcome
- relationship of lettucee3
- Direction
- not significantly differente3
- Comparator
- lettuce in monoculturee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e3“Indeed, the yield‐density relationship of lettuce in mixture with rusted groundsel was not significantly different from that of lettuce in monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninoculated groundsel inhibited lettuce yield by about 50% at a lettuce to groundsel ratio of 1:3.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- uninoculated groundsele4
- Interactor
- groundsele4weed
- Outcome
- lettuce yielde4
- Direction
- inhibitede4
- Value
- c. 50%e4
- Qualifier
- when the ratio of lettuce: groundsel (L:G) was 1:3e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e4“At 1120 groundsel plants m ‐2 , lettuce yield in mixture with uninoculated groundsel was inhibited by c. 50% when the ratio of lettuce: groundsel (L:G) was 1:3”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce yield per tub in mixture with rusted groundsel was not changed by varying the lettuce to groundsel ratio.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- rusted groundsele5
- Interactor
- groundsele5weed
- Outcome
- lettuce yield per tube5
- Direction
- not changede5
- Comparator
- varying L:Ge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e5“By contrast, in mixture with rusted groundsel, lettuce yield per tub was not changed by varying L:G”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight lettuce with 24 groundsel plants yielded no less than 32 lettuce in monoculture.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- eight lettuce with 24 groundsele6
- Interactor
- groundsele6weed
- Outcome
- yieldinge6
- Direction
- no less thane6
- Value
- 32e6
- Comparator
- monoculturee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e6“eight lettuce with 24 groundsel yielding no less than 32 in monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust infection inhibited groundsel yield only when the lettuce to groundsel ratio was low.
- Taxon
- Senecio vulgarisSenecio vulgarist0
- Treatment
- infectione7
- Outcome
- groundsel yielde7
- Direction
- inhibitede7
- Qualifier
- only when L:G was lowe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e7“infection inhibited groundsel yield and modified competitive interactions only when L:G was low”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust infection modified competitive interactions of groundsel only when the lettuce to groundsel ratio was low.
- Taxon
- Senecio vulgarisSenecio vulgarist0
- Treatment
- infectione7
- Outcome
- competitive interactionse7
- Direction
- modifiede7
- Qualifier
- only when L:G was lowe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e7“infection inhibited groundsel yield and modified competitive interactions only when L:G was low”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninoculated groundsel significantly inhibited the fresh weight yield of lettuce at all sowing densities in a field experiment.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- uninoculated groundsele0
- Interactor
- groundsele0weed
- Outcome
- fresh weight yield of lettucee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- at all sowing densitiese0
- Setting
- a field experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e0“In a field experiment the fresh weight yield of lettuce was significantly inhibited by interference from uninoculated groundsel at all sowing densities”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust-infected groundsel did not significantly reduce lettuce yield until weed density exceeded about 4000 plants per m2.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- ruste1
- Interactor
- groundsele1weed
- Outcome
- lettuce yielde1
- Direction
- not significantly reducede1
- Qualifier
- until weed density exceeded c. 4000e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e1“Conversely, lettuce yield was not significantly reduced by rust‐infected groundsel until weed density exceeded c. 4000 m ‐2”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce yield with rusted groundsel was two to three times greater than with uninoculated groundsel, even at higher sowing densities.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- rusted groundsele2
- Interactor
- groundsele2weed
- Outcome
- lettuce yielde2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- two to three limese2
- Comparator
- uninoculated groundsele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e2“Even at greater sowing densities, lettuce yield in plots with rusted groundsel was two to three limes greater than in plots with uninoculated groundsel”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with rust reduced the impact of groundsel on lettuce yield.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with ruste3
- Interactor
- groundsele3weed
- Outcome
- impact of groundsel upon lettuce yielde3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e3“Inoculation with rust reduced the impact of groundsel upon lettuce yield without causing any significant increase in groundsel mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust inoculation did not significantly increase groundsel mortality.
- Taxon
- Senecio vulgarisSenecio vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with ruste3
- Outcome
- groundsel mortalitye3
- Direction
- without causing any significant increasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e3“Inoculation with rust reduced the impact of groundsel upon lettuce yield without causing any significant increase in groundsel mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the rust effect to the decreased competitive ability of infected groundsel plants.
- Taxon
- Senecio vulgarisSenecio vulgarist0
- Outcome
- competitive abilitye4
- Qualifier
- decreased competitive ability of infected groundsel plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce”
e4“were attributed to the decreased competitive ability of infected groundsel plants, especially at high density”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · yield · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results differ
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →infection · Puccinia lagenophorae · Senecio vulgaris (old-man-in-the-Spring)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →infection · yield · Senecio vulgaris (old-man-in-the-Spring)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.