Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli causes a vascular wilt of the narcotic plant coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca). To determine whether this pathogen can be transmitted by infested seed, fruit from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants was collected from different coca-growing areas in Peru and from an experimental field site in Hawaii. A total of 202 fruit from Peru and 69 fruit from Hawaii were surface-disinfested and separated into five parts: pedicel, pericarp, seed coat, endosperm, and cotyledons. After the pedicel and pericarp were removed from the seed coat, the seed was surface disinfested again. Each fruit part was plated separately. Both F. oxysporum and F. moniliforme were recovered from fruit collected in Peru. Both species were isolated from all parts of some fruit. F. oxysporum was isolated from 33% of the fruit plated and most (35%) of these isolates were obtained from the seed coat. Slightly greater numbers of isolates (57%) were recovered from asymptomatic plants than from symptomatic plants (43%). Only F. oxysporum was isolated from fruit collected in Hawaii. Most of these isolates (59%) were from the pedicels of fruit collected from symptomatic plants. Out of 91 isolates of F. oxysporum, 21 were pathogenic to coca seedlings in a bioassay. Six of these pathogenic isolates were originally from the pedicel of the fruit, eight from the pericarp, four from the seed coat, and three from the endosperm. No isolates from the cotyledons were pathogenic. Most of the pathogenic isolates (76%) were from symptomatic plants. The pathogenic isolates were characterized using random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and vegetative compatibility groups. Based on these analyses, two different subpopulations of the forma specialis erythroxyli were found in Peru, whereas only one was present in Hawaii. These data indicate that infested seed may contribute significantly to dissemination of this pathogen because seed is collected by growers and planted fresh or fermented briefly before planting.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum was recovered from coca fruit in Peru, including all fruit parts in some fruit.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0 - Interactor
- coca
Erythroxylum cocae1host - Outcome
- recovered from fruite0
- Qualifier
- all parts of some fruite0
- Setting
- Perue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Both F. oxysporum and F. moniliforme were recovered from fruit collected in Peru. Both species were isolated from all parts of some fruit.”
e1“coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca)”
Claim · model-written summary
F. moniliforme was recovered from coca fruit in Peru, including all fruit parts in some fruit.
- Taxon
- F. moniliforme
Fusarium verticillioidese0 - Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- recovered from fruite0
- Qualifier
- all parts of some fruite0
- Setting
- Perue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both F. oxysporum and F. moniliforme were recovered from fruit collected in Peru. Both species were isolated from all parts of some fruit.”
e1“coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca)”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum was isolated from 33% of plated coca fruit.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- fruit platede0
- Value
- 33%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. oxysporum was isolated from 33% of the fruit plated and most (35%) of these isolates were obtained from the seed coat.”
e1“coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca)”
Claim · model-written summary
The seed coat yielded the largest share, 35%, of these F. oxysporum isolates.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0
- Organ / stage
- seed coate0
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- isolatese0
- Direction
- moste0
- Value
- 35%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. oxysporum was isolated from 33% of the fruit plated and most (35%) of these isolates were obtained from the seed coat.”
e1“coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca)”
Claim · model-written summary
Asymptomatic coca plants yielded slightly more isolates, 57%, than symptomatic plants at 43%.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae2host
- Outcome
- numbers of isolatese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 57%e0
- Qualifier
- 43%e0
- Comparator
- symptomatic plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Slightly greater numbers of isolates (57%) were recovered from asymptomatic plants than from symptomatic plants (43%).”
e1“F. oxysporum was isolated from 33% of the fruit plated”
e2“coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca)”
Claim · model-written summary
Only F. oxysporum was isolated from coca fruit collected in Hawaii.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- isolated from fruite0
- Qualifier
- Onlye0
- Setting
- Hawaiie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only F. oxysporum was isolated from fruit collected in Hawaii.”
e1“coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most Hawaii isolates, 59%, came from pedicels of symptomatic coca fruit.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1
- Organ / stage
- pedicelse0
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae2host
- Outcome
- isolatese0
- Direction
- Moste0
- Value
- 59%e0
- Qualifier
- symptomatic plantse0
- Setting
- Hawaiie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most of these isolates (59%) were from the pedicels of fruit collected from symptomatic plants.”
e1“Only F. oxysporum was isolated from fruit collected in Hawaii.”
e2“coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca)”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-one of 91 F. oxysporum isolates were pathogenic to coca seedlings in a bioassay.
- Taxon
- cocaErythroxylum cocae0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenic to coca seedlingse0
- Value
- 21e0
- Qualifier
- Out of 91 isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Out of 91 isolates of F. oxysporum, 21 were pathogenic to coca seedlings in a bioassay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Six pathogenic isolates originated from coca fruit pedicels.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1
- Organ / stage
- pedicele0
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- pathogenic isolatese0
- Value
- Sixe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six of these pathogenic isolates were originally from the pedicel of the fruit, eight from the pericarp, four from the seed coat, and three from the endosperm.”
e1“Out of 91 isolates of F. oxysporum, 21 were pathogenic to coca seedlings in a bioassay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight pathogenic isolates originated from coca fruit pericarps.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- pathogenic isolatese0
- Value
- eighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six of these pathogenic isolates were originally from the pedicel of the fruit, eight from the pericarp, four from the seed coat, and three from the endosperm.”
e1“Out of 91 isolates of F. oxysporum, 21 were pathogenic to coca seedlings in a bioassay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four pathogenic isolates originated from coca seed coats.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1
- Organ / stage
- seed coate0
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- pathogenic isolatese0
- Value
- foure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six of these pathogenic isolates were originally from the pedicel of the fruit, eight from the pericarp, four from the seed coat, and three from the endosperm.”
e1“Out of 91 isolates of F. oxysporum, 21 were pathogenic to coca seedlings in a bioassay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three pathogenic isolates originated from coca endosperm.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1
- Organ / stage
- endosperme0
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- pathogenic isolatese0
- Value
- threee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six of these pathogenic isolates were originally from the pedicel of the fruit, eight from the pericarp, four from the seed coat, and three from the endosperm.”
e1“Out of 91 isolates of F. oxysporum, 21 were pathogenic to coca seedlings in a bioassay.”
Claim · model-written summary
No cotyledon isolates were pathogenic.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1
- Organ / stage
- cotyledonse0
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- No isolates from the cotyledons were pathogenice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No isolates from the cotyledons were pathogenic.”
e1“Out of 91 isolates of F. oxysporum, 21 were pathogenic to coca seedlings in a bioassay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most pathogenic isolates, 76%, came from symptomatic plants.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- pathogenic isolatese0
- Direction
- Moste0
- Value
- 76%e0
- Qualifier
- symptomatic plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most of the pathogenic isolates (76%) were from symptomatic plants.”
e1“Out of 91 isolates of F. oxysporum, 21 were pathogenic to coca seedlings in a bioassay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two erythroxyli subpopulations were found in Peru.
Verbatim
e0“Based on these analyses, two different subpopulations of the forma specialis erythroxyli were found in Peru, whereas only one was present in Hawaii.”
Claim · model-written summary
One erythroxyli subpopulation was found in Hawaii.
Verbatim
e0“Based on these analyses, two different subpopulations of the forma specialis erythroxyli were found in Peru, whereas only one was present in Hawaii.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret infested seed as a possible significant contributor to pathogen dissemination.
- Taxon
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyliFusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxylie1
- Interactor
- cocaErythroxylum cocae1host
- Outcome
- dissemination of this pathogene0
- Qualifier
- infested seed may contribute significantlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These data indicate that infested seed may contribute significantly to dissemination of this pathogen”
e1“Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli causes a vascular wilt of the narcotic plant coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca).”