Abstract
While cloning maize D‐type cyclins previously reported in databases (described as of D1, D2 and D4 types), a fourth D cyclin was cloned that showed high homology (75%) with the D1 cyclin. Because this D1 cyclin has been recently described as a D5‐type cyclin (D5;1), the new cyclin was named D5;2. All maize cyclins have been compared among themselves and among D cyclins from other plant species. All maize D cyclins possess the retinoblastoma protein–binding motif and cyclin boxes but no PEST sequences or destruction box sequences are required for protein degradation. D5 and D2 cyclins also have canonical cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk)–phosphorylation sites. Every cyclin showed a different expression pattern during seed germination, standing out cyclin D5;2, which seems to be expressed only during the early stages (equivalent to postmitotic interphase), and cyclin D4;1, which progressively accumulates from an almost undetectable level in dry seed embryo axes. Phytohormones like cytokinins and auxins, which accelerate the germination process, change the expression pattern of all cyclins, with cytokinins promoting an increase in expression during the early hours of germination (by 6 h), whereas auxins promote a constant increase in the levels of three out of the four D cyclins (except D5;1). Cyclin D5;1 is the least expressed of all cyclins in all tissues measured (embryo axes, seedlings and plantlets), and all cyclins are expressed in both meristematic and non‐meristematic tissues. We discuss their relevance for the germination process and plantlet establishment.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
a fourth D cyclin
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“a fourth D cyclin was cloned that showed high homology (75%) with the D1 cyclin”
Claim · model-written summary
D5;2
- Outcome
- D5;2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“the new cyclin was named D5;2”
Claim · model-written summary
retinoblastoma protein–binding motif and cyclin boxes
- Outcome
- retinoblastoma protein–binding motif and cyclin boxese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“All maize D cyclins possess the retinoblastoma protein–binding motif and cyclin boxes but no PEST sequences or destruction box sequences are required for protein degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
no PEST sequences or destruction box sequences
- Outcome
- no PEST sequences or destruction box sequencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“no PEST sequences or destruction box sequences are required for protein degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
canonical cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk)–phosphorylation sites
- Outcome
- canonical cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk)–phosphorylation sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“D5 and D2 cyclins also have canonical cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk)–phosphorylation sites”
Claim · model-written summary
different expression pattern
- Outcome
- different expression patterne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Every cyclin showed a different expression pattern during seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
expressed only during the early stages
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“cyclin D5;2, which seems to be expressed only during the early stages (equivalent to postmitotic interphase)”
Claim · model-written summary
progressively accumulates
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“cyclin D4;1, which progressively accumulates from an almost undetectable level in dry seed embryo axes”
Claim · model-written summary
increase in expression
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“cytokinins promoting an increase in expression during the early hours of germination (by 6 h)”
Claim · model-written summary
constant increase in the levels of three out of the four D cyclins
- Treatment
- auxinse0
- Outcome
- constant increase in the levels of three out of the four D cyclinse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“auxins promote a constant increase in the levels of three out of the four D cyclins (except D5;1)”
Claim · model-written summary
least expressed
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Cyclin D5;1 is the least expressed of all cyclins in all tissues measured (embryo axes, seedlings and plantlets)”
Claim · model-written summary
expressed in both meristematic and non‐meristematic tissues
- Outcome
- expressed in both meristematic and non‐meristematic tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“all cyclins are expressed in both meristematic and non‐meristematic tissues”
The same questions in other papers
class · molecular: expression · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.