Abstract
Four hundred and sixty polyploid wheat accessions and 39 triticale forms from 37 countries of Europe, Asia, and USA were scored by C-banding for the presence of translocations. Chromosomal rearrangements were detected in 70 of 208 accessions of tetraploid wheat, 69 of 252 accessions of hexaploid wheat, and 3 of 39 triticale forms. Altogether, 58 types of major chromosomal rearrangements were identified in the studied material; they are discussed relative to 11 additional translocation types described by other authors. Six chromosome modifications of unknown origin were also observed. Among all chromosomal aberrations identified in wheat, single translocations were the most frequent type (39), followed by multiple rearrangements (9 types), pericentric inversions (9 types), and paracentric inversions (3 types). According to C-banding analyses, the breakpoints were located at or near the centromere in 60 rearranged chromosomes, while in 52 cases they were in interstitial chromosome regions. In the latter case, translocation breakpoints were often located at the border of C-bands and the euchromatin region or between two adjacent C-bands; some of these regions seem to be translocation "hotspots". Our results and data published by other authors indicate that the B-genome chromosomes are involved in translocations most frequently, followed by the A- and D-genome chromosomes; individual chromosomes also differ in the frequencies of translocations. Most translocations were detected in 1 or 2 accessions, and only 11 variants showed relatively high frequencies or were detected in wheat varieties of different origins or from different species. High frequencies of some translocations with a very restricted distribution could be due to a "bottleneck effect". Other types seem to occur independently and their broad distribution can result from selective advantages of rearranged genotypes in diverse environmental conditions. We found significant geographic variation in the spectra and frequencies of translocation in wheat: the highest proportions of rearranged genotypes were found in Central Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and France. A low proportion of aberrant genotypes was characteristic of tetraploid wheat from Transcaucasia and hexaploid wheat from Middle Asia and Eastern Europe.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Chromosomal rearrangements occurred in 70 of 208 tetraploid wheat accessions.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- tetraploid wheate0
- Outcome
- Chromosomal rearrangementse0
- Value
- 70 of 208e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromosomal rearrangements were detected in 70 of 208 accessions of tetraploid wheat, 69 of 252 accessions of hexaploid wheat, and 3 of 39 triticale forms.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromosomal rearrangements occurred in 69 of 252 hexaploid wheat accessions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- hexaploid wheate0
- Outcome
- Chromosomal rearrangementse0
- Value
- 69 of 252e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromosomal rearrangements were detected in 70 of 208 accessions of tetraploid wheat, 69 of 252 accessions of hexaploid wheat, and 3 of 39 triticale forms.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromosomal rearrangements occurred in 3 of 39 triticale forms.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalee0 - Outcome
- Chromosomal rearrangementse0
- Value
- 3 of 39e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromosomal rearrangements were detected in 70 of 208 accessions of tetraploid wheat, 69 of 252 accessions of hexaploid wheat, and 3 of 39 triticale forms.”
Claim · model-written summary
The study identified 58 types of major chromosomal rearrangements.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- types of major chromosomal rearrangementse0
- Value
- 58 typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Altogether, 58 types of major chromosomal rearrangements were identified in the studied material”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Six chromosome modifications of unknown origin were observed.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- chromosome modifications of unknown origine0
- Value
- Sixe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six chromosome modifications of unknown origin were also observed.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Single translocations were the most frequent aberration type, with 39.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- single translocationse0
- Direction
- most frequente0
- Value
- 39e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among all chromosomal aberrations identified in wheat, single translocations were the most frequent type (39), followed by multiple rearrangements (9 types), pericentric inversions (9 types), and paracentric inversions (3 types).”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine types of multiple rearrangements were identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- multiple rearrangementse0
- Value
- 9 typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“multiple rearrangements (9 types), pericentric inversions (9 types), and paracentric inversions (3 types)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine types of pericentric inversions were identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- pericentric inversionse0
- Value
- 9 typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pericentric inversions (9 types), and paracentric inversions (3 types)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Three types of paracentric inversions were identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- paracentric inversionse0
- Value
- 3 typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“paracentric inversions (3 types)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Breakpoints were at or near the centromere in 60 rearranged chromosomes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- breakpoints were located at or near the centromeree0
- Value
- 60 rearranged chromosomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the breakpoints were located at or near the centromere in 60 rearranged chromosomes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Breakpoints were in interstitial chromosome regions in 52 cases.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- interstitial chromosome regionse0
- Value
- 52 casese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 52 cases they were in interstitial chromosome regions”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Interstitial translocation breakpoints were often at C-band borders or between adjacent C-bands.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- translocation breakpoints were often located at the border of C-bands and the euchromatin region or between two adjacent C-bandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“translocation breakpoints were often located at the border of C-bands and the euchromatin region or between two adjacent C-bands”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
B-genome chromosomes were most often involved in translocations, then A- and D-genome chromosomes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- B-genome chromosomese0
- Outcome
- involved in translocationse0
- Direction
- most frequentlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the B-genome chromosomes are involved in translocations most frequently, followed by the A- and D-genome chromosomes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual wheat chromosomes differed in translocation frequency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- frequencies of translocationse0
- Direction
- differe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“individual chromosomes also differ in the frequencies of translocations.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Most translocations were found in one or two accessions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- translocations were detectede0
- Value
- 1 or 2 accessionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most translocations were detected in 1 or 2 accessions”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven translocation variants had relatively high frequency or occurred across varieties and species.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- variants showed relatively high frequencies or were detected in wheat varieties of different origins or from different speciese0
- Value
- 11 variantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only 11 variants showed relatively high frequencies or were detected in wheat varieties of different origins or from different species”
Claim · model-written summary
Translocation spectra and frequencies varied significantly by geography.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- geographic variation in the spectra and frequencies of translocatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found significant geographic variation in the spectra and frequencies of translocation in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest proportions of rearranged genotypes occurred in Central Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and France.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- proportions of rearranged genotypese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- Central Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Francee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest proportions of rearranged genotypes were found in Central Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and France”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploid wheat from Transcaucasia had a low proportion of aberrant genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- tetraploid wheate0
- Outcome
- proportion of aberrant genotypese0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Setting
- Transcaucasiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A low proportion of aberrant genotypes was characteristic of tetraploid wheat from Transcaucasia”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexaploid wheat from Middle Asia and Eastern Europe had a low proportion of aberrant genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- hexaploid wheate0
- Outcome
- proportion of aberrant genotypese1
- Direction
- lowe1
- Setting
- Middle Asia and Eastern Europee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hexaploid wheat from Middle Asia and Eastern Europe”
e1“A low proportion of aberrant genotypes was characteristic of tetraploid wheat from Transcaucasia and hexaploid wheat from Middle Asia and Eastern Europe.”