Abstract
Abstract The fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Libert causes rot diseases on many crops worldwide and large economic losses occur frequently because of a lack of resistant varieties. The pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum and the molecular basis of plant responses to the pathogen are poorly understood. In the present investigation, the process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L., a plant that is highly susceptible to this fungus, was analysed. In addition, the defense activation in the host was investigated. A convenient inoculation method using millet grain was developed for S. sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis. The fungus rapidly infected the plants, probably through ball‐ or cushion‐like infection structures. Visible symptoms developed within 24 h and plants were killed 72 h after inoculation. Cellulase, the main enzyme that caused host tissues to rot, was secreted by S. sclerotiorum in a pH‐dependent manner. Oxalic acid, another pathogenic factor secreted by the fungus, induced necrotic lesions on the leaves. Infection with S. sclerotiorum strongly induced the production of the pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, the PR gene PDF.1 was induced, but not PR1 , indicating that the pathogen activated basal defense of jasmonic acid/ethylene dependence, which is consistent with its necrotrophic characteristics. This pathosystem for Arabidopsis‐S. sclerotiorum could provide an approach for the analysis of the interactions between S. sclerotiorum and other crops, thereby facilitating genetic manipulation techniques for controlling this pathogen. (Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
An inoculation method for Sclerotinia in Arabidopsis was developed.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Interactor
- S. sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen - Outcome
- inoculation methode0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A convenient inoculation method using millet grain was developed for S. sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sclerotinia rapidly infected Arabidopsis plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume1pathogen
- Outcome
- infected the plantse0
- Qualifier
- probably through ball‐ or cushion‐like infection structurese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungus rapidly infected the plants, probably through ball‐ or cushion‐like infection structures.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Visible symptoms developed within 24 h after Sclerotinia inoculation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume1pathogen
- Outcome
- Visible symptomse0
- Value
- 24 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Visible symptoms developed within 24 h and plants were killed 72 h after inoculation.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arabidopsis plants were killed 72 h after inoculation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume1pathogen
- Outcome
- plants were killede0
- Value
- 72 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Visible symptoms developed within 24 h and plants were killed 72 h after inoculation.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sclerotinia cellulase secretion was pH dependent.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Gene
- Cellulasee0
- Outcome
- Cellulasee0
- Qualifier
- pH‐dependent mannere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cellulase, the main enzyme that caused host tissues to rot, was secreted by S. sclerotiorum in a pH‐dependent manner.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sclerotinia cellulase caused host tissue rot.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Gene
- Cellulasee0
- Outcome
- host tissues to rote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cellulase, the main enzyme that caused host tissues to rot, was secreted by S. sclerotiorum in a pH‐dependent manner.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal oxalic acid induced necrotic lesions on Arabidopsis leaves.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume1pathogen
- Compound
- Oxalic acide0
- Outcome
- necrotic lesionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxalic acid, another pathogenic factor secreted by the fungus, induced necrotic lesions on the leaves.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sclerotinia infection strongly induced β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase production in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Infection with S. sclerotiorume0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Gene
- β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinasee0
- Outcome
- production of the pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinasee0
- Direction
- strongly inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection with S. sclerotiorum strongly induced the production of the pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase in Arabidopsis.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sclerotinia infection induced PDF.1 expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- pathogene0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume1pathogen
- Gene
- PDF.1e0
- Outcome
- PR gene PDF.1e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, the PR gene PDF.1 was induced, but not PR1 , indicating that the pathogen activated basal defense of jasmonic acid/ethylene dependence”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
Claim · model-written summary
PR1 was not induced by the pathogen.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- pathogene0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume1pathogen
- Gene
- PR1e0
- Outcome
- PR1e0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, the PR gene PDF.1 was induced, but not PR1 , indicating that the pathogen activated basal defense of jasmonic acid/ethylene dependence”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret the defense response as jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent basal defense.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume1pathogen
- Outcome
- basal defensee0
- Qualifier
- jasmonic acid/ethylene dependencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicating that the pathogen activated basal defense of jasmonic acid/ethylene dependence, which is consistent with its necrotrophic characteristics.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“process of S. sclerotiorum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
The same questions in other papers
infection · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.