Abstract
Summary The frequency of infection, lesion characteristics and anatomical changes in phloem and cambial tissues caused by A rmillaria sinapina were studied on inoculated trees of D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedar and compared with results of A . ostoyae inoculations previously reported on the same host species. Similar percentages of inoculations resulting in infection of roots on the three hosts indicate that A . sinapina and A . ostoyae are equally pathogenic. A rmillaria ostoyae was more virulent than A . sinapina as demonstrated by fungal exudates from A . ostoyae inoculum blocks, which appeared to cause lesions on roots; the higher frequency at which lignified impervious tissue ( IT ) and necrophylactic periderm ( NP ) developed in bark and following cambial invasion, compartmentalization; the large proportion of roots that showed no visible host response; the large zones of IT formed under continuous stimulation by A . ostoyae advancing in inner bark; and the high frequency of breaching of NP barriers. Spread of A . sinapina mycelium in host species appeared slower than that of A . ostoyae , particularly in D ouglas‐fir and western hemlock. In western redcedar, A . ostoyae induced stronger host responses than those following invasion by A . sinapina , which included further expansion of the induced rhytidome response, traumatic phloem resin duct formation and higher numbers of polyphenolic parenchyma comprising its barrier zone. Where damage by A . sinapina ensued, it was always associated with high inoculum potential. The ecology of virulent and less virulent species of A rmillaria in natural forests is discussed.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The two Armillaria species had similar root infection frequency on all three tree hosts.
- Taxon
- D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedar
Thuja plicata
Pseudotsuga menziesii.jpg?width=60)
Tsuga heterophyllae1 - Interactor
- A . sinapina
Armillaria sinapinae0pathogen - Second interactor
- A . ostoyae
Armillaria ostoyaee0pathogen - Outcome
- infection of rootse0
- Direction
- Similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Similar percentages of inoculations resulting in infection of roots on the three hosts indicate that A . sinapina and A . ostoyae are equally pathogenic.”
e1“D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedar”
Claim · model-written summary
A. ostoyae was more virulent than A. sinapina on the studied hosts.
- Taxon
- D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedarThuja plicataPseudotsuga menziesiiTsuga heterophyllae1
- Interactor
- A rmillaria ostoyaee0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A . sinapinaArmillaria sinapinae0pathogen
- Outcome
- virulente0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A rmillaria ostoyae was more virulent than A . sinapina”
e1“D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedar”
Claim · model-written summary
A. ostoyae exudates appeared to cause root lesions.
- Taxon
- D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedarThuja plicataPseudotsuga menziesiiTsuga heterophyllae1
- Interactor
- A . ostoyaeArmillaria ostoyaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- lesions on rootse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungal exudates from A . ostoyae inoculum blocks, which appeared to cause lesions on roots”
e1“D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedar”
Claim · model-written summary
A. ostoyae invasion was associated with more frequent defensive tissue formation and compartmentalization.
- Taxon
- D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedarThuja plicataPseudotsuga menziesiiTsuga heterophyllae2
- Interactor
- A rmillaria ostoyaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- lignified impervious tissue ( IT ) and necrophylactic periderm ( NP ) developed in barke0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher frequency at which lignified impervious tissue ( IT ) and necrophylactic periderm ( NP ) developed in bark and following cambial invasion, compartmentalization”
e1“A rmillaria ostoyae”
e2“D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedar”
Claim · model-written summary
A large proportion of roots showed no visible response to A. ostoyae.
- Taxon
- D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedarThuja plicataPseudotsuga menziesiiTsuga heterophyllae2
- Interactor
- A rmillaria ostoyaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- no visible host responsee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the large proportion of roots that showed no visible host response”
e1“A rmillaria ostoyae”
e2“D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedar”
Claim · model-written summary
A. ostoyae advancing in inner bark elicited large zones of impervious tissue.
- Taxon
- D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedarThuja plicataPseudotsuga menziesiiTsuga heterophyllae1
- Interactor
- A . ostoyaeArmillaria ostoyaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- zones of ITe0
- Direction
- largee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the large zones of IT formed under continuous stimulation by A . ostoyae advancing in inner bark”
e1“D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedar”
Claim · model-written summary
A. ostoyae frequently breached necrophylactic periderm barriers.
- Taxon
- D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedarThuja plicataPseudotsuga menziesiiTsuga heterophyllae2
- Interactor
- A rmillaria ostoyaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- breaching of NP barrierse0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high frequency of breaching of NP barriers”
e1“A rmillaria ostoyae”
e2“D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedar”
Claim · model-written summary
A. sinapina spread more slowly than A. ostoyae, particularly in Douglas-fir and western hemlock.
- Taxon
- D ouglas‐fir and western hemlockPseudotsuga menziesiiTsuga heterophyllae0
- Interactor
- A . sinapinaArmillaria sinapinae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A . ostoyaeArmillaria ostoyaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- Spread of A . sinapina myceliume0
- Direction
- slowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spread of A . sinapina mycelium in host species appeared slower than that of A . ostoyae , particularly in D ouglas‐fir and western hemlock.”
Claim · model-written summary
A. ostoyae induced a stronger host response in western redcedar than A. sinapina.
- Taxon
- western redcedarThuja plicatae0
- Interactor
- A . ostoyaeArmillaria ostoyaee0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A . sinapinaArmillaria sinapinae0pathogen
- Outcome
- host responsese0
- Direction
- strongere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In western redcedar, A . ostoyae induced stronger host responses than those following invasion by A . sinapina”
Claim · model-written summary
A. ostoyae extended the induced rhytidome response in western redcedar.
- Taxon
- western redcedarThuja plicatae0
- Interactor
- A . ostoyaeArmillaria ostoyaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- induced rhytidome responsee0
- Direction
- further expansione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In western redcedar, A . ostoyae induced stronger host responses than those following invasion by A . sinapina , which included further expansion of the induced rhytidome response”
Claim · model-written summary
A. ostoyae induced traumatic phloem resin ducts in western redcedar.
- Taxon
- western redcedarThuja plicatae0
- Interactor
- A . ostoyaeArmillaria ostoyaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- traumatic phloem resin duct formatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In western redcedar, A . ostoyae induced stronger host responses than those following invasion by A . sinapina , which included further expansion of the induced rhytidome response, traumatic phloem resin duct formation”
Claim · model-written summary
A. ostoyae produced higher numbers of barrier-zone polyphenolic parenchyma in western redcedar.
- Taxon
- western redcedarThuja plicatae0
- Interactor
- A . ostoyaeArmillaria ostoyaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- numbers of polyphenolic parenchymae0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In western redcedar, A . ostoyae induced stronger host responses than those following invasion by A . sinapina , which included further expansion of the induced rhytidome response, traumatic phloem resin duct formation and higher numbers of polyphenolic parenchyma comprising its barrier zone.”
Claim · model-written summary
Damage from A. sinapina was always associated with high inoculum potential.
- Taxon
- D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedarThuja plicataPseudotsuga menziesiiTsuga heterophyllae1
- Interactor
- A . sinapinaArmillaria sinapinae0pathogen
- Outcome
- damage by A . sinapinae0
- Qualifier
- high inoculum potentiale0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Where damage by A . sinapina ensued, it was always associated with high inoculum potential.”
e1“D ouglas‐fir, western hemlock and western redcedar”