Abstract
Summary Anoda cristata is a troublesome annual broad‐leaved weed in summer crops in the rolling Pampa in Argentina; seeds are the only source of regeneration of this species. Seed persistence or depletion is the result of survival and loss processes, including predation. The objective of this study was to determine survival at two burial depths in undisturbed soil and predation rates of A. cristata seeds in soyabean crops in different rotations and tillage systems. Survival was discontinuous and decreased to 25% after 35 months, after which no further reduction in survival was observed to the end of the experiment at 96 months. No differences in seed survival between seeds placed on the soil surface and buried 5 cm below the soil surface were found at 80 months, but at later times survival was lower for seeds placed on the soil surface. Predation rates ranged between 0.3% day −1 and 6.7% day −1 . Of the models tested, a polynomial regression of the rate of predation with time gave the best representation of seed predation. From January to July, predation was higher in non‐tillage plots in the wheat/soyabean rotation. There was no significant difference in predation rates between tillage systems in the soyabean monoculture and no difference between planting densities. Higher crop residue levels in non‐tillage plots in the wheat/soyabean rotation was the dominant factor influencing seed predation, probably because such habitat favours the presence of seed predators.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Seed survival of Anoda cristata decreased to 25% after 35 months.
- Taxon
- Anoda cristata
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Anoda cristatat0 - Outcome
- survivale1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 25%e1
- Qualifier
- after 35 monthse1
- Setting
- rolling Pampa in Argentinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Anoda cristata is a troublesome annual broad‐leaved weed in summer crops in the rolling Pampa in Argentina”
e1“Survival was discontinuous and decreased to 25% after 35 months, after which no further reduction in survival was observed to the end of the experiment at 96 months”
t0“Anoda cristata”
Claim · model-written summary
No difference in seed survival between seeds on the soil surface and seeds buried 5 cm at 80 months.
- Taxon
- Anoda cristataAnoda cristatat0
- Treatment
- buried 5 cm below the soil surfacee5
- Outcome
- seed survivale5
- Direction
- No differencese5
- Qualifier
- at 80 monthse5
- Comparator
- seeds placed on the soil surfacee5
- Setting
- rolling Pampa in Argentinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anoda cristata is a troublesome annual broad‐leaved weed in summer crops in the rolling Pampa in Argentina”
e5“No differences in seed survival between seeds placed on the soil surface and buried 5 cm below the soil surface were found at 80 months”
t0“Anoda cristata”
Claim · model-written summary
At later times, seed survival was lower for seeds placed on the soil surface than for buried seeds.
- Taxon
- Anoda cristataAnoda cristatat0
- Treatment
- placed on the soil surfacee6
- Outcome
- survivale6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Qualifier
- at later timese6
- Setting
- rolling Pampa in Argentinae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anoda cristata is a troublesome annual broad‐leaved weed in summer crops in the rolling Pampa in Argentina”
e6“at later times survival was lower for seeds placed on the soil surface”
t0“Anoda cristata”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed predation rates of Anoda cristata ranged between 0.3% and 6.7% per day.
- Taxon
- Anoda cristataAnoda cristatat0
- Outcome
- Predation ratese2
- Value
- 0.3% day −1 and 6.7% day −1e2
- Setting
- rolling Pampa in Argentinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anoda cristata is a troublesome annual broad‐leaved weed in summer crops in the rolling Pampa in Argentina”
e2“Predation rates ranged between 0.3% day −1 and 6.7% day −1”
t0“Anoda cristata”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed predation was higher in non-tillage plots of the wheat/soyabean rotation from January to July.
- Taxon
- Anoda cristataAnoda cristatat0
- Treatment
- non‐tillage plotse3
- Outcome
- predatione3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- From January to Julye3
- Setting
- wheat/soyabean rotatione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anoda cristata is a troublesome annual broad‐leaved weed in summer crops in the rolling Pampa in Argentina”
e3“From January to July, predation was higher in non‐tillage plots in the wheat/soyabean rotation”
t0“Anoda cristata”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant difference in seed predation between tillage systems in soyabean monoculture.
- Taxon
- Anoda cristataAnoda cristatat0
- Treatment
- tillage systemse4
- Outcome
- predation ratese4
- Direction
- no significant differencee4
- Setting
- soyabean monoculturee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anoda cristata is a troublesome annual broad‐leaved weed in summer crops in the rolling Pampa in Argentina”
e4“There was no significant difference in predation rates between tillage systems in the soyabean monoculture and no difference between planting densities”
t0“Anoda cristata”
Claim · model-written summary
No difference in seed predation rates between planting densities.
- Taxon
- Anoda cristataAnoda cristatat0
- Treatment
- planting densitiese4
- Outcome
- predation ratese4
- Direction
- no differencee4
- Setting
- soyabean monoculturee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anoda cristata is a troublesome annual broad‐leaved weed in summer crops in the rolling Pampa in Argentina”
e4“There was no significant difference in predation rates between tillage systems in the soyabean monoculture and no difference between planting densities”
t0“Anoda cristata”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher crop residue levels were the dominant factor influencing seed predation in non-tillage wheat/soyabean plots.
- Taxon
- Anoda cristataAnoda cristatat0
- Treatment
- Higher crop residue levelse7
- Outcome
- seed predatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anoda cristata is a troublesome annual broad‐leaved weed in summer crops in the rolling Pampa in Argentina”
e7“Higher crop residue levels in non‐tillage plots in the wheat/soyabean rotation was the dominant factor influencing seed predation”
t0“Anoda cristata”
Claim · model-written summary
A polynomial regression of predation rate with time gave the best representation of seed predation among the models tested.
- Taxon
- Anoda cristataAnoda cristatat0
- Outcome
- representation of seed predatione7
- Comparator
- models testede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Of the models tested, a polynomial regression of the rate of predation with time gave the best representation of seed predation”
t0“Anoda cristata”