Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate whether Plasmodiophora brassicae can be disseminated by livestock manure. A quantitative PCR ( qPCR ) assay was developed and used to detect and quantify P. brassicae in manure samples from naturally and artificially infested chickens and pigs. In naturally infested manure, quantifiable levels of infestation were observed in 7 out of the 28 samples, ranging from 10 3 to 10 7 resting spores per g of manure. The vast majority of the resting spores (76–91%) were viable, as determined by a dual fluorescence viability assay. Clubroot symptoms developed on plants inoculated with P. brassicae resting spores isolated from all seven qPCR ‐positive samples. Artificially infested manure samples were produced by feeding chickens and pigs on P. brassicae ‐contaminated feed. The levels of infestation were 10 3 resting spores per g of manure for both chicken and pig manure sampled 24 and 48 h after feeding, respectively. Spore viability was >80% for both samples, and the disease severity indices were both >40 as indicated by bioassay. This showed that resting spores can survive the digestive tracts of chickens and pigs, and retain strong pathogenicity. The findings indicate that manure dissemination is possible for P. brassicae . Farmers should avoid feeding livestock on P. brassicae ‐contaminated feed or applying infested manure as fertilizer on land intended for crucifer crops.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Quantifiable P. brassicae infestation was found in 7 of 28 naturally infested manure samples, at 10 3 to 10 7 resting spores per g of manure.
Verbatim
e0“quantifiable levels of infestation were observed in 7 out of the 28 samples, ranging from 10 3 to 10 7 resting spores per g of manure”
Claim · model-written summary
The vast majority (76-91%) of resting spores in naturally infested manure were viable.
Verbatim
e1“The vast majority of the resting spores (76–91%) were viable”
Claim · model-written summary
Clubroot symptoms developed on plants inoculated with P. brassicae resting spores isolated from all seven qPCR-positive samples.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee2
- Interactor
- P. brassicae
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Plasmodiophora brassicaee2pathogen - Outcome
- Clubroot symptoms developede2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
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Verbatim
e2“Clubroot symptoms developed on plants inoculated with P. brassicae resting spores isolated from all seven”
Claim · model-written summary
In artificially infested chicken and pig manure sampled 24 and 48 h after feeding, infestation was 10 3 resting spores per g of manure.
Verbatim
e3“The levels of infestation were 10 3 resting spores per g of manure for both chicken and pig manure sampled 24 and 48 h after feeding, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Spore viability was above 80% in both artificially infested manure samples.
Verbatim
e4“Spore viability was >80% for both samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease severity indices in the bioassay were above 40 for both artificially infested manure samples.
Verbatim
e5“the disease severity indices were both >40 as indicated by bioassay”
Claim · model-written summary
P. brassicae resting spores can survive the digestive tracts of chickens and pigs and retain strong pathogenicity.
- Taxon
- resting sporese6
- Outcome
- survive the digestive tracts of chickens and pigs, and retain strong pathogenicitye6
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e6“resting spores can survive the digestive tracts of chickens and pigs, and retain strong pathogenicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers should avoid feeding livestock P. brassicae-contaminated feed or applying infested manure as fertilizer on land intended for crucifer crops.
Verbatim
e6“Farmers should avoid feeding livestock on P. brassicae”
e7“applying infested manure as fertilizer on land intended for crucifer crops”