Abstract
Meloidogyne hapla is one of the most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes in temperate regions. This nematode has a wide host range with more than 500 plant taxa including roses. In Ethiopia, rose production has developed over the past 10 years to the second most important export market after coffee. Considering the high damage potential of M. hapla, infestation of roses in Ethiopia with this nematode could result in major economic losses. Therefore, awareness of this nematode species is extremely important. During two surveys conducted in August 2011 and April 2012, M. hapla was detected in soil samples from six out of nine rose producing farms located in the districts of Ziway, Holleta, Sebeta, and Menagesha. At infested farms, rose plants appeared stunted and less productive and often showed symptoms of chlorosis and wilting. Identification was based on morphological and morphometrical characters of females, males, and second-stage juveniles, which were all within the range of variability known for this species (4). Shape of juvenile stylet knobs, shape of male head, and perennial pattern of the females with characteristic punctuations between the anus and tail terminus were also typical for M. hapla. The morphological identification was confirmed by sequence analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segment of the 28S rDNA gene following amplification with the primers D2A (5'-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGTT-3') and D3B (5'-TCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA-3') (1). PCR products were purified and sequenced at the Macrogene sequencing facility service (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Sequences were deposited in GenBank (KJ645427 to 33). The sequences were compared with previously published sequences in NCBI database and showed 96 to 100% sequence similarity with M. hapla accession nos. GQ130139, DQ328685, KF430798, and DQ145641. Unfortunately, comparison of sequences did not provide further information about the origin of this Ethiopian population, if it is native to Ethiopia or was imported with infected plant material. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of M. hapla occurring in Ethiopia. M. hapla is known as a serious pest of roses in colder climate regions. In Africa, it was previously reported from Tanzania (3) and South Africa (2). Thus, it appears that this species has now become also established in Ethiopia at higher altitudes (1,400 to 2,100 m above sea level) within the urban hinterland of Addis Ababa. References: (1) Baldwin et al. Mol. Phy. Evol. 8:248, 1887. (2) J. H. O'Bannon. Institute Agri. Res. 29, 1975. (3) E. Onkendi and L. N. Moleleki. Eur. J. Pl. Pathol. 136:1, 2013. (4) A. G. Whitehead. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon.31:263, 1968.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
M. hapla was detected on six of nine rose farms in four Ethiopian districts during 2011 and 2012 surveys.
- Taxon
- M. hapla
Meloidogyne haplae0 - Interactor
- rosee0host
- Outcome
- was detectede0
- Value
- six out of ninee0
- Setting
- Ziway, Holleta, Sebeta, and Menageshae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During two surveys conducted in August 2011 and April 2012, M. hapla was detected in soil samples from six out of nine rose producing farms located in the districts of Ziway, Holleta, Sebeta, and Menagesha.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rose plants on infested farms appeared stunted and less productive.
- Taxon
- rosee0
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae1pathogen
- Outcome
- stunted and less productivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At infested farms, rose plants appeared stunted and less productive and often showed symptoms of chlorosis and wilting.”
e1“M. hapla was detected in soil samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Rose plants on infested farms often showed chlorosis and wilting.
- Taxon
- rosee0
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae1pathogen
- Outcome
- symptoms of chlorosis and wiltinge0
- Qualifier
- oftene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At infested farms, rose plants appeared stunted and less productive and often showed symptoms of chlorosis and wilting.”
e1“M. hapla was detected in soil samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Female, male and juvenile morphological and morphometric characters matched known M. hapla variability.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne haplat0
- Organ / stage
- females, males, and second-stage juvenilese0
- Outcome
- morphological and morphometrical characterse0
- Qualifier
- all within the range of variability known for this speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Identification was based on morphological and morphometrical characters of females, males, and second-stage juveniles, which were all within the range of variability known for this species (4).”
t0“Meloidogyne hapla”
Claim · model-written summary
Juvenile stylet knobs, male head shape and female perennial pattern were typical for M. hapla.
- Taxon
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0
- Outcome
- Shape of juvenile stylet knobs, shape of male head, and perennial patterne0
- Qualifier
- typicale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shape of juvenile stylet knobs, shape of male head, and perennial pattern of the females with characteristic punctuations between the anus and tail terminus were also typical for M. hapla.”
Claim · model-written summary
28S rDNA sequence analysis confirmed morphological identification of M. hapla.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne haplat0
- Gene
- 28S rDNA genee0
- Outcome
- morphological identification was confirmede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The morphological identification was confirmed by sequence analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segment of the 28S rDNA gene”
t0“Meloidogyne hapla”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode sequences were deposited in GenBank as KJ645427 to 33.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne haplat0
- Outcome
- Sequences were deposited in GenBanke0
- Value
- KJ645427 to 33e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sequences were deposited in GenBank (KJ645427 to 33).”
t0“Meloidogyne hapla”
Claim · model-written summary
The sequences had 96 to 100% similarity with published M. hapla accessions.
- Taxon
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0
- Outcome
- sequence similaritye0
- Value
- 96 to 100%e0
- Comparator
- previously published sequencese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sequences were compared with previously published sequences in NCBI database and showed 96 to 100% sequence similarity with M. hapla accession nos. GQ130139, DQ328685, KF430798, and DQ145641.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequence comparisons did not resolve whether the Ethiopian population was native or imported.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne haplat0
- Outcome
- origin of this Ethiopian populatione0
- Qualifier
- did not provide further informatione0
- Setting
- Ethiopiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Unfortunately, comparison of sequences did not provide further information about the origin of this Ethiopian population, if it is native to Ethiopia or was imported with infected plant material.”
t0“Meloidogyne hapla”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report the first Ethiopian record of M. hapla to their knowledge.
- Taxon
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0
- Outcome
- first recorde0
- Qualifier
- To the best of our knowledgee0
- Setting
- Ethiopiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of M. hapla occurring in Ethiopia.”
Claim · model-written summary
M. hapla appears established at elevations of 1,400 to 2,100 m near Addis Ababa.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne haplat0
- Outcome
- establishede0
- Value
- 1,400 to 2,100 m above sea levele0
- Qualifier
- it appearse0
- Setting
- Ethiopiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, it appears that this species has now become also established in Ethiopia at higher altitudes (1,400 to 2,100 m above sea level) within the urban hinterland of Addis Ababa.”
t0“Meloidogyne hapla”