Abstract
Abstract Little is known about how chloride (Cl) functions in suppressing take‐all root rot of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of liming and CI application on ammonium (NH + 4 and nitrate (NO − 3 ‐N) concentrations in soil as they correlate with development of the disease. ‘Hill 81’ soft white winter wheat was grown on a limed (pH 6.6) and unlimed (pH 5.5) Aquultic Argixeroll fertilized with a factorial combination of 30 kg N ha −1 as NH 4 NO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , or NH 4 Cl banded at planting and 140 kg N ha −1 as Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , or NH 4 Cl topdressed in the spring. Soil was sampled to 10 and 20 cm depths and analyzed for NH + 4 ‐N, NO − 3 ‐N, Cl, and pH at weekly intervals for 10 weeks following spring application of N. Take‐all was assessed at 0, 6, and 11 weeks after spring fertilization. Take‐all severity, NH + 4 ‐N and NO − 3 ‐N concentrations, NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratios, and grain yield were all influenced by a highly significant interaction between liming and spring‐topdressed Cl. Liming hastened disappearance of NH + 4 ‐N and increased appearance of NO − 3 ‐N in soil. Chloride slowed disappearance of NH + 4 ‐N and appearance of NO − 3 ‐N in unlimed soil but not in limed soil. A “critical” NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratio for take‐all suppression of 3:1 was estimated from data in the literature. Takeall severity was negatively correlated (r 2 =0.84) with the length of time the NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratio remained above the estimated critical ratio. Chloride increased grain yield from 3.5 to 4.7 Mg ha −1 on the unlimed soil but had no effect on yield on the limed soil. Results suggest that Cl may reduce take‐all severity and increase grain yield on moderately acid soils in western Oregon by reducing nitrification and maintaining a favorable NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratio for disease suppression.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Liming and spring chloride interacted significantly for take-all severity, soil ammonium and nitrate, their ratio, and grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- liming and spring‐topdressed Cle0
- Outcome
- Take‐all severity, NH + 4 ‐N and NO − 3 ‐N concentrations, NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratios, and grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Take‐all severity, NH + 4 ‐N and NO − 3 ‐N concentrations, NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratios, and grain yield were all influenced by a highly significant interaction between liming and spring‐topdressed Cl.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming hastened disappearance of soil ammonium.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Liminge0
- Outcome
- disappearance of NH + 4 ‐Ne0
- Direction
- hastenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Liming hastened disappearance of NH + 4 ‐N and increased appearance of NO − 3 ‐N in soil.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming increased appearance of soil nitrate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Liminge0
- Outcome
- appearance of NO − 3 ‐N in soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Liming hastened disappearance of NH + 4 ‐N and increased appearance of NO − 3 ‐N in soil.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride slowed ammonium disappearance in unlimed but not limed soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Chloridee0
- Outcome
- disappearance of NH + 4 ‐Ne0
- Direction
- slowede0
- Comparator
- limed soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chloride slowed disappearance of NH + 4 ‐N and appearance of NO − 3 ‐N in unlimed soil but not in limed soil.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride slowed nitrate appearance in unlimed but not limed soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Chloridee0
- Outcome
- appearance of NO − 3 ‐Ne0
- Direction
- slowede0
- Comparator
- limed soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chloride slowed disappearance of NH + 4 ‐N and appearance of NO − 3 ‐N in unlimed soil but not in limed soil.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Take-all severity was negatively correlated with duration above the estimated critical ammonium:nitrate ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Takeall severitye0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Value
- r 2 =0.84e0
- Comparator
- estimated critical ratioe0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Takeall severity was negatively correlated (r 2 =0.84) with the length of time the NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratio remained above the estimated critical ratio.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride increased wheat grain yield from 3.5 to 4.7 Mg ha −1 in unlimed soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Chloridee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.5 to 4.7 Mg ha −1e0
- Setting
- unlimed soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chloride increased grain yield from 3.5 to 4.7 Mg ha −1 on the unlimed soil but had no effect on yield on the limed soil.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride had no effect on wheat yield in limed soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Chloridee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Setting
- limed soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chloride increased grain yield from 3.5 to 4.7 Mg ha −1 on the unlimed soil but had no effect on yield on the limed soil.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride may reduce wheat take-all severity on moderately acid western Oregon soils by reducing nitrification.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cle0
- Outcome
- take‐all severitye0
- Qualifier
- by reducing nitrification and maintaining a favorable NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratioe0
- Setting
- western Oregone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results suggest that Cl may reduce take‐all severity and increase grain yield on moderately acid soils in western Oregon by reducing nitrification and maintaining a favorable NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratio for disease suppression.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride may increase wheat yield on moderately acid western Oregon soils by maintaining a favorable nitrogen ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cle0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- maintaining a favorable NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratioe0
- Setting
- western Oregone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results suggest that Cl may reduce take‐all severity and increase grain yield on moderately acid soils in western Oregon by reducing nitrification and maintaining a favorable NH + 4 ‐N:NO − 3 ‐N ratio for disease suppression.”
t0“Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
chloride · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.