Abstract
Although hybridization between species in Papaver is difficult, a combination of karyotypic and genomic analysis has allowed the definition of up to six, apparently independent genomes, in the 2n= 12 and 1n= 14 diploids. In the 2n= 14 group there is considerable karyotypic differentiation and karyotypes off. atlanticum and P. hybridum are sufficiently dissimilar from each other and from the rest to allow the recognition of the two genomes as unique although no hybrids with other x= 7 diploids were produced. The genome of P. atlanticum is defined as C7C7 and that of P. hybridum H7H7.P. alpinum and P. rhaeticum only hybridized successfully with each other and the near perfect bivalent formation in their hybrid, together with the extreme similarity of their karyotypes, suggests that they are very closely related. They are designated J7J7. All the other x=7 diploids are karyotypically similar and the analysis of meiosis in their hybrids demonstrates thay they all share the same genome to some extent. There is however some differentiation among them. P. commutatum, P. glaucum, P. macrostemum and P. rhoeas are genomically very similar and all can be regarded as A7A7. P.fugax and P. tauricola appear to share an identical genome, partially differentiated from A7A7 and are defined as A27A27 while P. postii, although showing some little homology with A7A7 is sufficiently differentiated from it to be regarded as more distant than A27A27 and is described as A37A37. Although no hybrids between the two 2n= 12 diploids P. apulum and P.pavoninum were produced their karyotypes are sufficiently different to be individually recognized. The only hybrid produced between the x= 6 and x= 7 groups (P. apulum×P. hybridum) showed no homology between the chromosomes of the two genomes and, although this may not be true for any other x=6/x=7 combinations it is best to recognize the two x= 6 genomes as independent of the x= 7. The genome of P. apulum is thus regarded as I6I6 and that of P. pavoninum as P6P6.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Karyotypic and genomic analysis defined up to six apparently independent genomes in diploid Papaver.
PapaverOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a combination of karyotypic and genomic analysis has allowed the definition of up to six, apparently independent genomes, in the 2n= 12 and 1n= 14 diploids.”
t0“Papaver”
Claim · model-written summary
P. atlanticum has a distinct C7C7 genome.
- Taxon
- P. atlanticum
Papaver atlanticume0 - Outcome
- genomee0
- Qualifier
- C7C7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genome of P. atlanticum is defined as C7C7”
Claim · model-written summary
P. hybridum has a distinct H7H7 genome.
- Taxon
- P. hybridum
.jpg?width=60)
Papaver hybridume0 - Outcome
- H7H7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“and that of P. hybridum H7H7.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. alpinum and P. rhaeticum hybridized only with each other and were closely related.
- Taxon
- P. alpinum and P. rhaeticum
Oreomecon alpina
Papaver rhaeticume0 - Outcome
- only hybridized successfully with each othere0
- Qualifier
- very closely relatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. alpinum and P. rhaeticum only hybridized successfully with each other and the near perfect bivalent formation in their hybrid, together with the extreme similarity of their karyotypes, suggests that they are very closely related.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. alpinum and P. rhaeticum were designated J7J7.
- Taxon
- P. alpinum and P. rhaeticumOreomecon alpinaPapaver rhaeticume1
- Outcome
- J7J7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They are designated J7J7.”
t0“Papaver”
e1“P. alpinum and P. rhaeticum only hybridized successfully with each other”
Claim · model-written summary
Other x=7 diploids shared a genome to some extent.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the analysis of meiosis in their hybrids demonstrates thay they all share the same genome to some extent.”
t0“Papaver”
Claim · model-written summary
P. commutatum, P. glaucum, P. macrostemum and P. rhoeas were genomically very similar and assigned A7A7.
Verbatim
e0“P. commutatum, P. glaucum, P. macrostemum and P. rhoeas are genomically very similar and all can be regarded as A7A7.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fugax and P. tauricola shared an apparently identical A27A27 genome.
- Taxon
- P.fugax and P. tauricola
Papaver persicum subsp. tauricola
Papaver fugaxe0 - Outcome
- identical genomee0
- Qualifier
- A27A27e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P.fugax and P. tauricola appear to share an identical genome, partially differentiated from A7A7 and are defined as A27A27”
Claim · model-written summary
P. postii was more differentiated than A27A27 and was assigned A37A37.
- Taxon
- P. postiiPapaver postiie0
- Outcome
- more distant than A27A27e0
- Qualifier
- A37A37e0
Verbatim
e0“P. postii, although showing some little homology with A7A7 is sufficiently differentiated from it to be regarded as more distant than A27A27 and is described as A37A37.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. apulum and P. pavoninum had distinguishable karyotypes.
- Taxon
- P. apulum and P.pavoninum
Roemeria apula
Roemeria pavoninae0 - Outcome
- karyotypes are sufficiently differente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. apulum and P.pavoninum were produced their karyotypes are sufficiently different to be individually recognized.”
Claim · model-written summary
The P. apulum × P. hybridum hybrid showed no homology between parental chromosomes.
- Taxon
- P. apulum×P. hybridumRoemeria apulae0
- Outcome
- no homology between the chromosomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The only hybrid produced between the x= 6 and x= 7 groups (P. apulum×P. hybridum) showed no homology between the chromosomes of the two genomes”
Claim · model-written summary
P. apulum was assigned I6I6.
- Taxon
- P. apulumRoemeria apulae0
- Outcome
- I6I6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genome of P. apulum is thus regarded as I6I6”
Claim · model-written summary
P. pavoninum was assigned P6P6.
- Taxon
- P. pavoninumRoemeria pavoninae0
- Outcome
- P6P6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and that of P. pavoninum as P6P6.”