Abstract
Abstract The activity of two neem extracts, AZT and NEEM‐AZAL (containing 30 and 3 mg azadirachtin ml −1 respectively) and synthetic azadirachtin (AZ) against second‐instar larvae (L2) of Plutella xylostella L. was examined using leafdip bioassays. On Chinese cabbage, AZ was significantly ( P <0.05) less toxic (3 to 4‐fold; LC 50 0.54 μg AZ ml −1 ) than either neem extract against a laboratory strain of P. xylostella (FS). The LC 50 values for AZT against the FS and another laboratory strain (Wellcome) were not significantly different on Chinese cabbage. The activity of AZT against the FS and Wellcome strains was similar on Chinese cabbage and Brussels sprout. AZT was significantly less toxic (3‐fold) on Brussels sprout against an acylurea‐resistant field strain (Sawi) when compared with the FS strain on Chinese cabbage. Larval mortality (at day 13) was found to increase with increasing exposure time of P. xylostella (FS) larvae to AZT‐treated Chinese cabbage, although there was little difference in mortality between 48 and 120 h exposure. When AZT, NEEM‐AZAL and AZ were applied at a dose (1 μg AZ ml −1 ) which gave end‐point mortalities between 50 and 90% (at day 13), all treatments delayed the development of a proportion of surviving larvae but no morphogenetic abnormalities were observed in larvae which reached pupation. Evidence for antifeedant (reduced weight gain) and repellant effects (choicechamber) for AZT were observed with L2 P. xylostella (Wellcome) on Chinese cabbage. AZT was also shown to have ovicidal activity against P. xylostella (Wellcome) at relatively high dose ranges (10‐1000 μg AZ ml −1 ) as well as some contact activity (FS strain) in topical bioassays. In residual bioassays on glass with adults of the hymenopteran endo‐larval parasitoid of P. xylostella, Diadegma semiclausum (Ichneumonidae), AZT showed little or no activity at rates up to 1000 μg AZ ml −1 . In medium‐volume (MV, 200 litre ha −1 ) and ultra‐low‐volume ( c. 1 litre ha −1 ) spray bioassays on Brussels sprout, AZT gave 16‐92% and 88‐100% mortality respectively (Wellcome strain) at rates approximating to 1‐20 g AZ ha −1 . The residual activity of AZT and NEEM‐AZAL against P. xylostella (FS) on Brussels sprout (MV spray) was observed to decrease appreciably after three days, the decline in activity being particularly marked for NEEM‐AZAL.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic AZ was significantly less toxic than neem extracts against FS larvae on Chinese cabbage.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0 - Treatment
- AZe0
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- toxice0
- Direction
- less toxice0
- Value
- 3 to 4‐folde0
- Comparator
- either neem extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On Chinese cabbage, AZ was significantly ( P <0.05) less toxic (3 to 4‐fold; LC 50 0.54 μg AZ ml −1 ) than either neem extract against a laboratory strain of P. xylostella (FS).”
Claim · model-written summary
AZ had an LC50 of 0.54 μg AZ ml −1 against FS larvae.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Treatment
- AZe0
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- LC 50e0
- Value
- 0.54 μg AZ ml −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On Chinese cabbage, AZ was significantly ( P <0.05) less toxic (3 to 4‐fold; LC 50 0.54 μg AZ ml −1 ) than either neem extract against a laboratory strain of P. xylostella (FS).”
Claim · model-written summary
AZT LC50 did not differ significantly between FS and Wellcome strains on Chinese cabbage.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Treatment
- AZTe0
- Interactor
- Wellcomee0pest
- Outcome
- LC 50 valuese0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Comparator
- FSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The LC 50 values for AZT against the FS and another laboratory strain (Wellcome) were not significantly different on Chinese cabbage.”
Claim · model-written summary
AZT activity against FS and Wellcome strains was similar on Chinese cabbage and Brussels sprout.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Treatment
- AZTe0
- Interactor
- FS and Wellcome strainse0pest
- Outcome
- activity of AZTe0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- Brussels sproute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of AZT against the FS and Wellcome strains was similar on Chinese cabbage and Brussels sprout.”
Claim · model-written summary
AZT was significantly less toxic against Sawi on Brussels sprout than against FS on Chinese cabbage.
Verbatim
e0“AZT was significantly less toxic (3‐fold) on Brussels sprout against an acylurea‐resistant field strain (Sawi) when compared with the FS strain on Chinese cabbage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval mortality increased as exposure to AZT-treated Chinese cabbage increased.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Treatment
- AZT‐treatede0
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- Larval mortalitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- at day 13e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Larval mortality (at day 13) was found to increase with increasing exposure time of P. xylostella (FS) larvae to AZT‐treated Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval mortality differed little between 48 and 120 hours of exposure.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- AZT‐treatede1
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae2pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- little differencee0
- Comparator
- 48 and 120 h exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was little difference in mortality between 48 and 120 h exposure”
e1“AZT‐treated Chinese cabbage”
e2“exposure time of P. xylostella (FS) larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
AZT delayed development of some surviving larvae.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- AZTe0
- Interactor
- larvaee0pest
- Outcome
- development of a proportion of surviving larvaee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When AZT, NEEM‐AZAL and AZ were applied at a dose (1 μg AZ ml −1 ) which gave end‐point mortalities between 50 and 90% (at day 13), all treatments delayed the development of a proportion of surviving larvae”
e1“AZT‐treated Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
NEEM-AZAL delayed development of some surviving larvae.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- NEEM‐AZALe0
- Interactor
- larvaee0pest
- Outcome
- development of a proportion of surviving larvaee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When AZT, NEEM‐AZAL and AZ were applied at a dose (1 μg AZ ml −1 ) which gave end‐point mortalities between 50 and 90% (at day 13), all treatments delayed the development of a proportion of surviving larvae”
e1“AZT‐treated Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
AZ delayed development of some surviving larvae.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- AZe0
- Interactor
- larvaee0pest
- Outcome
- development of a proportion of surviving larvaee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When AZT, NEEM‐AZAL and AZ were applied at a dose (1 μg AZ ml −1 ) which gave end‐point mortalities between 50 and 90% (at day 13), all treatments delayed the development of a proportion of surviving larvae”
e1“AZT‐treated Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
No morphogenetic abnormalities were observed in larvae reaching pupation.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae2pest
- Outcome
- no morphogenetic abnormalitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no morphogenetic abnormalities were observed in larvae which reached pupation”
e1“AZT‐treated Chinese cabbage”
e2“P. xylostella (Wellcome) on Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
AZT reduced weight gain in Wellcome larvae on Chinese cabbage.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Treatment
- AZTe0
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- weight gaine0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Evidence for antifeedant (reduced weight gain) and repellant effects (choicechamber) for AZT were observed with L2 P. xylostella (Wellcome) on Chinese cabbage.”
Claim · model-written summary
AZT repelled Wellcome larvae on Chinese cabbage.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Treatment
- AZTe0
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- repellant effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Evidence for antifeedant (reduced weight gain) and repellant effects (choicechamber) for AZT were observed with L2 P. xylostella (Wellcome) on Chinese cabbage.”
Claim · model-written summary
AZT had ovicidal activity against Wellcome at high dose.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- AZTe0
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- ovicidal activitye0
- Qualifier
- 10‐1000 μg AZ ml −1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AZT was also shown to have ovicidal activity against P. xylostella (Wellcome) at relatively high dose ranges (10‐1000 μg AZ ml −1 )”
e1“P. xylostella (Wellcome) on Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
AZT had little or no activity against Diadegma semiclausum adults on glass.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- AZTe0
- Interactor
- Diadegma semiclausum
Diadegma semiclausume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- little or no activitye0
- Qualifier
- rates up to 1000 μg AZ ml −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In residual bioassays on glass with adults of the hymenopteran endo‐larval parasitoid of P. xylostella, Diadegma semiclausum (Ichneumonidae), AZT showed little or no activity at rates up to 1000 μg AZ ml −1 .”
e1“P. xylostella (Wellcome) on Chinese cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-volume AZT spray on Brussels sprout caused 16–92% Wellcome mortality.
- Taxon
- Brussels sproute0
- Treatment
- medium‐volume (MV, 200 litre ha −1 )e0
- Interactor
- Wellcome straine0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 16‐92%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“In medium‐volume (MV, 200 litre ha −1 ) and ultra‐low‐volume ( c. 1 litre ha −1 ) spray bioassays on Brussels sprout, AZT gave 16‐92% and 88‐100% mortality respectively (Wellcome strain) at rates approximating to 1‐20 g AZ ha −1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultra-low-volume AZT spray on Brussels sprout caused 88–100% Wellcome mortality.
- Taxon
- Brussels sproute0
- Treatment
- ultra‐low‐volume ( c. 1 litre ha −1 )e0
- Interactor
- Wellcome straine0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 88‐100%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“In medium‐volume (MV, 200 litre ha −1 ) and ultra‐low‐volume ( c. 1 litre ha −1 ) spray bioassays on Brussels sprout, AZT gave 16‐92% and 88‐100% mortality respectively (Wellcome strain) at rates approximating to 1‐20 g AZ ha −1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
AZT residual activity against FS on Brussels sprout declined after three days.
Verbatim
e0“The residual activity of AZT and NEEM‐AZAL against P. xylostella (FS) on Brussels sprout (MV spray) was observed to decrease appreciably after three days”
Claim · model-written summary
NEEM-AZAL residual activity against FS on Brussels sprout declined especially markedly after three days.
Verbatim
e0“The residual activity of AZT and NEEM‐AZAL against P. xylostella (FS) on Brussels sprout (MV spray) was observed to decrease appreciably after three days, the decline in activity being particularly marked for NEEM‐AZAL.”
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