Abstract
The predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo and the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites tanajoae, both introduced from Brazil for control of the cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa, now co-occur in cassava fields in Benin. However, studies on interactions between these two natural enemies and how they might affect CGM biological control are lacking. We determined in screenhouse experiments the effects of single and combined releases of N. tanajoae and T. aripo on CGM suppression. In the single natural enemy treatment, both T. aripo and N. tanajoae significantly reduced CGM densities, but the results of the predator (T. aripo) are more quickly measurable than those of the pathogen (N. tanajoae) in our short-term experiment. The level of CGM suppression in the combined natural enemy treatment was reduced considerably compared with T. aripo-alone, but only slightly when compared with N. tanajoae alone, with a simultaneous reduction in T. aripo and N. tanajoae abundance or prevalence. In a laboratory experiment, T. aripo fed more on N. tanajoae-infected CGM than on healthy CGM and its oviposition and survival were reduced when fed on the former compared with the latter, which can help in explaining the reduction in numbers of T. aripo and consequently the considerable loss in suppression of CGM in the combined natural enemy treatment in the screenhouse experiment. Together, the screenhouse and the laboratory experiments predicted negative interactions between the two natural enemies with negative consequences for CGM biological control. Long-term field observations and rigorous field experiments that simultaneously manipulate T. aripo and N. tanajoae abundance and prevalence are needed to validate the prediction of this study.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
T. aripo alone significantly reduced cassava green mite density.
- Taxon
- cassava
Manihot esculentae2 - Treatment
- T. aripoe1
- Interactor
- Mononychellus tanajoaMononychellus tanajoae2pest
- Second interactor
- T. aripoTyphlodromalus aripoe1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- CGM densitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both T. aripo and N. tanajoae significantly reduced CGM densities”
e1“single and combined releases of N. tanajoae and T. aripo”
e2“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
Claim · model-written summary
N. tanajoae alone significantly reduced cassava green mite density.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae2
- Treatment
- N. tanajoaee1
- Interactor
- Mononychellus tanajoaMononychellus tanajoae2pest
- Second interactor
- N. tanajoaeNeozygites tanajoaee1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- CGM densitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both T. aripo and N. tanajoae significantly reduced CGM densities”
e1“single and combined releases of N. tanajoae and T. aripo”
e2“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
Claim · model-written summary
The predator effect was measurable sooner than the pathogen effect.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae1
- Interactor
- Mononychellus tanajoaMononychellus tanajoae1pest
- Outcome
- more quickly measurablee0
- Comparator
- N. tanajoaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the results of the predator (T. aripo) are more quickly measurable than those of the pathogen (N. tanajoae) in our short-term experiment”
e1“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined release suppressed cassava green mite considerably less than T. aripo alone.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae1
- Treatment
- combined natural enemy treatmente0
- Interactor
- Mononychellus tanajoaMononychellus tanajoae1pest
- Outcome
- CGM suppressione0
- Direction
- reduced considerablye0
- Comparator
- T. aripo-alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of CGM suppression in the combined natural enemy treatment was reduced considerably compared with T. aripo-alone”
e1“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined release suppressed cassava green mite slightly less than N. tanajoae alone.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae1
- Treatment
- combined natural enemy treatmente0
- Interactor
- Mononychellus tanajoaMononychellus tanajoae1pest
- Outcome
- CGM suppressione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- N. tanajoae alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of CGM suppression in the combined natural enemy treatment was reduced considerably compared with T. aripo-alone, but only slightly when compared with N. tanajoae alone”
e1“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced T. aripo abundance.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae2
- Treatment
- combined natural enemy treatmente1
- Interactor
- T. aripoTyphlodromalus aripoe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- abundance or prevalencee0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a simultaneous reduction in T. aripo and N. tanajoae abundance or prevalence”
e1“CGM suppression in the combined natural enemy treatment”
e2“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced N. tanajoae abundance or prevalence.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae2
- Treatment
- combined natural enemy treatmente1
- Interactor
- N. tanajoaeNeozygites tanajoaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- N. tanajoae abundance or prevalencee0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a simultaneous reduction in T. aripo and N. tanajoae abundance or prevalence”
e1“CGM suppression in the combined natural enemy treatment”
e2“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
Claim · model-written summary
T. aripo fed more on infected than healthy cassava green mites.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae1
- Interactor
- Mononychellus tanajoaMononychellus tanajoae1pest
- Second interactor
- T. aripoTyphlodromalus aripoe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- T. aripo fede0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- healthy CGMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. aripo fed more on N. tanajoae-infected CGM than on healthy CGM”
e1“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
Claim · model-written summary
T. aripo oviposition decreased when it fed on infected rather than healthy mites.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae2
- Treatment
- N. tanajoae-infected CGMe1
- Interactor
- T. aripoTyphlodromalus aripoe1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- ovipositione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- healthy CGMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its oviposition and survival were reduced when fed on the former compared with the latter”
e1“T. aripo fed more on N. tanajoae-infected CGM than on healthy CGM”
e2“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
Claim · model-written summary
T. aripo survival decreased when it fed on infected rather than healthy mites.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae2
- Treatment
- N. tanajoae-infected CGMe1
- Interactor
- T. aripoTyphlodromalus aripoe1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- healthy CGMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its oviposition and survival were reduced when fed on the former compared with the latter”
e1“T. aripo fed more on N. tanajoae-infected CGM than on healthy CGM”
e2“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that negative interactions between the two enemies harm mite biological control.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae1
- Interactor
- Mononychellus tanajoaMononychellus tanajoae1pest
- Second interactor
- N. tanajoaeNeozygites tanajoaee2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- CGM biological controle0
- Qualifier
- negative interactions between the two natural enemiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative interactions between the two natural enemies with negative consequences for CGM biological control”
e1“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
e2“N. tanajoae and T. aripo”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend long-term field observations and manipulative experiments to validate the prediction.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae1
- Outcome
- Long-term field observations and rigorous field experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Long-term field observations and rigorous field experiments that simultaneously manipulate T. aripo and N. tanajoae abundance and prevalence are needed to validate the prediction of this study.”
e1“cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa”
The same questions in other papers
Typhlodromalus aripo · Mononychellus tanajoa · Manihot esculenta (cassava)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Neozygites tanajoae · Mononychellus tanajoa · Manihot esculenta (cassava)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.