Paper · 1944 · Botanical Gazette

Effect of Light Intensity and Nutrient Supply on Growth and Production of Rubber and Seeds by Guayule

J. W. Mitchell; A. Geraldine Whiting; H. M. Benedict

20
claims
40
verbatim quotes
10
citations
4
research areas
—
Not open access

Abstract

1. Potted plants of guayule were grown for a period of 5 months during the spring, summer, and fall in natural light of full intensity, and other plants were subjected to lower intensities obtained by means of cloth filters. Half the total number of plants were supplied with nutrient at intervals to maintain soil fertility, while the remainder were grown in relatively infertile soil. During the winter the experiment was transferred to a greenhouse and continued under controlled temperature conditions. 2. A 25% reduction in light intensity was associated with a 36% reduction in the amount of rubber produced by plants grown in relatively fertile soil. Further reduction of light was associated with a corresponding decrease in the percentage and absolute amount of rubber stored. The percentage and absolute amounts of rubber produced by plants grown in infertile soil were relatively low and not greatly affected by shading. 3. A reduction of 25% in light intensity reduced the dry weight of stems and roots of plants grown in fertile soil by 14.5%; and more extreme reduction in light further retarded vegetative growth. Of plants grown in infertile soil, the greatest leaf weight was produced by those exposed to 75% of full sunlight, but moderate shading had no appreciable effect on the weight of stem and roots. 4. Two-thirds of the leaves of plants grown in direct light remained green throughout the winter, but only one-third of those on deeply shaded plants remained green and functioning. 5. Reduced light intensity (44%-75% of unscreened light) favored seed production during June, July, and August. Shading was less effective in stimulating seed production during September. Decrease in light intensity was associated with decrease in the proportion of large seeds produced. Withholding inorganic nutrients was associated with an increase in the proportion of small and a decrease in the proportion of large seeds. Reduction in light intensity was not associated with an appreciable change in seed quality. 6. The cross-sectional area of stems was not significantly affected by a 25% reduction in intensity; but further reduction was associated with marked decrease in stem thickness, cross-sectional area of pith, xylem, bark, and fiber tissue in the bark. 7. Percentage areas of the various stem tissues were essentially constant both in the different light intensities and with the two fertilizer treatments. The percentage of bark was not correlated with changes in percentage of rubber. 8. Under full light intensity, the percentage of resin in plants grown with a limited nutrient supply was equal to that of plants to which nutrients were supplied; and with shading those subjected to a limited nutrient supply contained a higher percentage of resin than did those afforded nutrients.

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Claims 20

Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

A 25% light reduction was associated with 36% less rubber in fertile soil.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
25% reduction in light intensitye0
Outcome
amount of rubbere0
Direction
reductione0
Value
36%e0
Qualifier
relatively fertile soile0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“A 25% reduction in light intensity was associated with a 36% reduction in the amount of rubber produced by plants grown in relatively fertile soil”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 510–656 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Further light reduction decreased percentage and absolute rubber amount.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
Further reduction of lighte0
Outcome
percentage and absolute amount of rubber storede0
Direction
decreasee0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Further reduction of light was associated with a corresponding decrease in the percentage and absolute amount of rubber stored”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 658–784 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In infertile soil, rubber percentage and amount were low and little affected by shading.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
shadinge0
Outcome
percentage and absolute amounts of rubbere0
Direction
not greatly affectede0
Qualifier
infertile soile0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“The percentage and absolute amounts of rubber produced by plants grown in infertile soil were relatively low and not greatly affected by shading”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 786–930 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

A 25% light reduction reduced stem and root dry weight in fertile soil by 14.5%.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
reduction of 25% in light intensitye0
Outcome
dry weight of stems and rootse0
Direction
reducede0
Value
14.5%e0
Qualifier
fertile soile0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“A reduction of 25% in light intensity reduced the dry weight of stems and roots of plants grown in fertile soil by 14.5%”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 935–1055 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

More extreme light reduction further retarded vegetative growth.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
more extreme reduction in lighte0
Outcome
vegetative growthe0
Direction
retardede0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“more extreme reduction in light further retarded vegetative growth”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1061–1127 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In infertile soil, leaf weight was greatest at 75% sunlight.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
75% of full sunlighte0
Outcome
leaf weighte0
Direction
greateste0
Qualifier
infertile soile0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Of plants grown in infertile soil, the greatest leaf weight was produced by those exposed to 75% of full sunlight”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1129–1242 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Moderate shading had no appreciable effect on stem and root weight in infertile soil.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
moderate shadinge0
Outcome
weight of stem and rootse0
Direction
no appreciable effecte0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“moderate shading had no appreciable effect on the weight of stem and roots”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1248–1322 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Two-thirds of leaves under direct light remained green through winter versus one-third under deep shade.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
direct lighte0
Outcome
leaves of plants grown in direct light remained greene0
Direction
but only one-thirde0
Value
Two-thirdse0
Qualifier
throughout the wintere0
Comparator
deeply shaded plantse0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Two-thirds of the leaves of plants grown in direct light remained green throughout the winter, but only one-third of those on deeply shaded plants remained green and functioning”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1327–1504 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Reduced light favored summer seed production.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
Reduced light intensity (44%-75% of unscreened light)e0
Outcome
seed productione0
Direction
favorede0
Qualifier
during June, July, and Auguste0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Reduced light intensity (44%-75% of unscreened light) favored seed production during June, July, and August”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1509–1616 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Shading stimulated seed production less during September.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
Shadinge0
Outcome
seed productione0
Direction
less effectivee0
Qualifier
during Septembere0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Shading was less effective in stimulating seed production during September”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1618–1692 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Lower light intensity was associated with a smaller proportion of large seeds.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
Decrease in light intensitye0
Outcome
proportion of large seedse0
Direction
decreasee0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Decrease in light intensity was associated with decrease in the proportion of large seeds produced”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1694–1792 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Withholding inorganic nutrients increased the proportion of small seeds.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
Withholding inorganic nutrientse0
Outcome
proportion of smalle0
Direction
increasee0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Withholding inorganic nutrients was associated with an increase in the proportion of small and a decrease in the proportion of large seeds”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1794–1932 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Withholding inorganic nutrients decreased the proportion of large seeds.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
Withholding inorganic nutrientse0
Outcome
proportion of large seedse0
Direction
decreasee0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Withholding inorganic nutrients was associated with an increase in the proportion of small and a decrease in the proportion of large seeds”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1794–1932 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Light reduction was not associated with appreciable seed-quality change.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
Reduction in light intensitye0
Outcome
seed qualitye0
Direction
not associated with an appreciable changee0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Reduction in light intensity was not associated with an appreciable change in seed quality”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1934–2024 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectnot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

A 25% light reduction did not significantly affect stem cross-sectional area.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
25% reduction in intensitye0
Outcome
cross-sectional area of stemse0
Direction
not significantly affectede0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“The cross-sectional area of stems was not significantly affected by a 25% reduction in intensity”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2029–2125 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Further light reduction decreased thickness and areas of stem tissues.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
further reductione0
Outcome
stem thickness, cross-sectional area of pith, xylem, bark, and fiber tissue in the barke0
Direction
decreasee0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“further reduction was associated with marked decrease in stem thickness, cross-sectional area of pith, xylem, bark, and fiber tissue in the bark”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2131–2275 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Percentage areas of stem tissues were essentially constant across light and fertilizer treatments.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
different light intensitiese0
Outcome
Percentage areas of the various stem tissuese0
Direction
essentially constante0
Qualifier
two fertilizer treatmentse0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Percentage areas of the various stem tissues were essentially constant both in the different light intensities and with the two fertilizer treatments”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2280–2429 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Bark percentage was uncorrelated with rubber percentage.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Organ / stage
barke0
Outcome
percentage of rubbere0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“The percentage of bark was not correlated with changes in percentage of rubber”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2431–2509 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Under full light, resin percentage was equal under limited and supplied nutrients.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
limited nutrient supplye0
Outcome
percentage of resine0
Direction
equale0
Qualifier
Under full light intensitye0
Comparator
plants to which nutrients were suppliede0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“Under full light intensity, the percentage of resin in plants grown with a limited nutrient supply was equal to that of plants to which nutrients were supplied”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2514–2673 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Under shade, limited nutrients produced a higher resin percentage than supplied nutrients.

Taxon
Guayulet0
Treatment
limited nutrient supplye0
Outcome
percentage of resine0
Direction
highere0
Qualifier
with shadinge0
Comparator
those afforded nutrientse0

Verbatim

t0

“Guayule”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–101 · show in text ↑
e0

“with shading those subjected to a limited nutrient supply contained a higher percentage of resin than did those afforded nutrients”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2679–2809 · show in text ↑