Abstract
Abstract When reduced soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) stands occur, herbicides are often blamed for the problem. The object of this research was to determine if metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐ tert ‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐ as ‐triazin‐5 (4H)‐one] and/or vernolate ( S ‐propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) herbicides interact with other cultural variables to reduce stands and grain yield. Cultural variables researched in the field included soybean seed vigor, cultivar, planting depth, planting date, and surface versus incorporated herbicide application. In field experiments on a Typic Haploquoll soil herbicides were applied at slightly higher than recommended rates, and soybeans were seeded in 75‐cm row widths at a density of 350,000 seed/ha. In all experiments visual symptoms of herbicide leaf damage occurred, but herbicide treatments had minor effects on stand establishment and grain yield. In contrast, several other variables significantly reduced stands and grain yields. Differences in seedbed condition created by different planting dates altered stand establishment. Seed lots low in seed vigor (as measured by cold test germination) resulted in reduced stands and in some situations reduced grain yields when compared with high vigor seed sources. Compared with a 1.9 cm planting depth, a 3.8 cm planting depth reduced stands in crusted seedbeds. In contrast, the shallow depth caused stand problems in a dry seedbed. Of the cultural variables affecting stand establishment and grain yield, none exhibited a significant interaction with herbicide treatment. In a greenhouse study, extremely high vernolate rates were more detrimental to emergence of low vigor than high vigor seed. Our data suggests that even when visual symptoms of herbicide injury occur, cultural variables such as seedbed conditions, seed quality, and minor differences in planting depth are often the major variables causing stand problems.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments had minor effects on soybean stand establishment and grain yield
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse1
- Outcome
- stand establishment and grain yielde1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Stand Establishment and Yield as Affected by Herbicides and Cultural Practices”
e1“herbicide treatments had minor effects on stand establishment and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed lots low in seed vigor reduced soybean stands compared with high vigor seed sources
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Seed lots low in seed vigore2
- Outcome
- standse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- high vigor seed sourcese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Stand Establishment and Yield as Affected by Herbicides and Cultural Practices”
e2“Seed lots low in seed vigor (as measured by cold test germination) resulted in reduced stands and in some situations reduced grain yields when compared with high vigor seed sources”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed lots low in seed vigor reduced soybean grain yields in some situations compared with high vigor seed sources
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Seed lots low in seed vigore2
- Outcome
- grain yieldse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Qualifier
- in some situationse2
- Comparator
- high vigor seed sourcese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Stand Establishment and Yield as Affected by Herbicides and Cultural Practices”
e2“Seed lots low in seed vigor (as measured by cold test germination) resulted in reduced stands and in some situations reduced grain yields when compared with high vigor seed sources”
Claim · model-written summary
A 3.8 cm planting depth reduced soybean stands in crusted seedbeds compared with 1.9 cm
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 3.8 cm planting depthe3
- Outcome
- standse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Qualifier
- crusted seedbedse3
- Comparator
- 1.9 cm planting depthe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Stand Establishment and Yield as Affected by Herbicides and Cultural Practices”
e3“Compared with a 1.9 cm planting depth, a 3.8 cm planting depth reduced stands in crusted seedbeds”
Claim · model-written summary
A shallow planting depth caused soybean stand problems in a dry seedbed
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shallow depthe4
- Outcome
- stand problemse4
- Qualifier
- dry seedbede4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Stand Establishment and Yield as Affected by Herbicides and Cultural Practices”
e4“the shallow depth caused stand problems in a dry seedbed”
Claim · model-written summary
Different planting dates altered soybean stand establishment
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- different planting datese5
- Outcome
- stand establishmente5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Stand Establishment and Yield as Affected by Herbicides and Cultural Practices”
e5“Differences in seedbed condition created by different planting dates altered stand establishment”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatment did not significantly interact with the cultural variables tested for soybean stand and yield
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmente6
- Outcome
- significant interactione6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Stand Establishment and Yield as Affected by Herbicides and Cultural Practices”
e6“none exhibited a significant interaction with herbicide treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Extremely high vernolate rates reduced emergence more for low vigor than for high vigor soybean seed in a greenhouse study
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- extremely high vernolate ratese7
- Outcome
- emergencee7
- Direction
- more detrimentale7
- Comparator
- high vigor seede7
- Setting
- greenhouse studye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Stand Establishment and Yield as Affected by Herbicides and Cultural Practices”
e7“In a greenhouse study, extremely high vernolate rates were more detrimental to emergence of low vigor than high vigor seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedbed conditions, seed quality and minor planting-depth differences are often the major causes of soybean stand problems
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- stand problemse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Stand Establishment and Yield as Affected by Herbicides and Cultural Practices”
e7“cultural variables such as seedbed conditions, seed quality, and minor differences in planting depth are often the major variables causing stand problems”
The same questions in other papers
vernolate · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
property · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →herbicide · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
137 papers in the same direction as this paper · 322 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
456 papers more in this group
See all 460 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.