Abstract
A study was conducted in four commercial pistachio orchards to monitor the presence and pattern of external contamination and latent infections of buds by Botryosphaeria dothidea between 1998 and 2000. Symptomless buds were sampled every 2 to 3 weeks and analyzed either by a washing/crushing method or by direct plating of split (half) or intact buds on lactic acid potato dextrose agar. The proportion of infected buds varied among orchards over time. Levels of latent infections were highest in February and March when they reached as much as 60% in orchards of Glenn and Yolo counties. This period corresponded to the months with the highest rainfall. Buds collected from orchards in Glenn and Yolo counties had, in general, higher incidence of infection than buds from San Joaquin and Merced counties. Buds became infected in June immediately after their formation. Infection incidence on basal segments of buds from male trees was approximately twice (19%) that of apical or middle segments (11%). Plating of split buds resulted in similar levels of incidence as the plating of intact buds. The number of B. dothidea propagules on bud surfaces varied over time and among orchards. In general, the number of propagules per bud was highest in February and March (approximately seven propagules per bud) when the rainfall amount was highest.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Latent infection levels of pistachio buds peaked in February and March, reaching 60% in Glenn and Yolo county orchards.
- Taxon
- pistachio
Pistacia verae0 - Organ / stage
- budse0
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothidea
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=60)
Botryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen - Outcome
- latent infectionse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 60%e1
- Qualifier
- in February and Marche1
- Setting
- Glenn and Yolo countiese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted in four commercial pistachio orchards to monitor the presence and pattern of external contamination and latent infections of buds by Botryosphaeria dothidea between 1998 and 2000”
e1“Levels of latent infections were highest in February and March when they reached as much as 60% in orchards of Glenn and Yolo counties”
Claim · model-written summary
Latent infection levels were associated with the months of highest rainfall.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae0
- Treatment
- highest rainfalle2
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Levels of latent infectionse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted in four commercial pistachio orchards to monitor the presence and pattern of external contamination and latent infections of buds by Botryosphaeria dothidea between 1998 and 2000”
e2“Levels of latent infections were highest in February and March when they reached as much as 60% in orchards of Glenn and Yolo counties. This period corresponded to the months with the highest rainfall”
Claim · model-written summary
Pistachio buds became infected in June, immediately after their formation.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae0
- Organ / stage
- Budse3
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen
- Outcome
- became infectede3
- Qualifier
- in June immediately after their formatione3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted in four commercial pistachio orchards to monitor the presence and pattern of external contamination and latent infections of buds by Botryosphaeria dothidea between 1998 and 2000”
e3“Buds became infected in June immediately after their formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection incidence on basal bud segments of male trees was approximately twice that of apical or middle segments (19% versus 11%).
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae0
- Material
- male treese4
- Organ / stage
- basal segments of budse4
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Infection incidencee4
- Direction
- approximately twicee4
- Value
- 19%e4
- Qualifier
- 11%e4
- Comparator
- apical or middle segmentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted in four commercial pistachio orchards to monitor the presence and pattern of external contamination and latent infections of buds by Botryosphaeria dothidea between 1998 and 2000”
e4“Infection incidence on basal segments of buds from male trees was approximately twice (19%) that of apical or middle segments (11%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plating of split buds gave similar incidence levels to plating of intact buds.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae0
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen
- Outcome
- levels of incidencee5
- Direction
- similare5
- Comparator
- the plating of intact budse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted in four commercial pistachio orchards to monitor the presence and pattern of external contamination and latent infections of buds by Botryosphaeria dothidea between 1998 and 2000”
e5“Plating of split buds resulted in similar levels of incidence as the plating of intact buds”
Claim · model-written summary
Botryosphaeria dothidea propagules on pistachio bud surfaces varied over time and among orchards.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae0
- Interactor
- B. dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae6pathogen
- Outcome
- number of B. dothidea propagules on bud surfacese6
- Qualifier
- over time and among orchardse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted in four commercial pistachio orchards to monitor the presence and pattern of external contamination and latent infections of buds by Botryosphaeria dothidea between 1998 and 2000”
e6“The number of B. dothidea propagules on bud surfaces varied over time and among orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Propagules per pistachio bud were highest in February and March, when rainfall was highest.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae0
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of propagules per bude7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- approximately seven propagules per bude7
- Qualifier
- when the rainfall amount was higheste7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted in four commercial pistachio orchards to monitor the presence and pattern of external contamination and latent infections of buds by Botryosphaeria dothidea between 1998 and 2000”
e7“In general, the number of propagules per bud was highest in February and March (approximately seven propagules per bud) when the rainfall amount was highest”
Claim · model-written summary
Pistachio buds from orchards in Glenn and Yolo counties had higher infection incidence than buds from San Joaquin and Merced counties.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae0
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothideaBotryosphaeria dothideae0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence of infectione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- buds from San Joaquin and Merced countiese1
- Setting
- Glenn and Yolo countiese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted in four commercial pistachio orchards to monitor the presence and pattern of external contamination and latent infections of buds by Botryosphaeria dothidea between 1998 and 2000”
e1“Buds collected from orchards in Glenn and Yolo counties had, in general, higher incidence of infection than buds from San Joaquin and Merced counties”