Abstract
AIMS: A Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain, surviving epiphytically on the surface of fruit, was isolated while searching for naturally occurring biological control agents. This bacterial strain was characterized for its antifungal activity against seven selected fungal postharvest pathogens of citrus. METHODS AND RESULTS: To understand the antifungal activity, seven postharvest fungal pathogens were screened for growth inhibition by B. amyloliquefaciens strain. Assays using B. amyloliquefaciens lipopeptide extracts showed a strong inhibitive activity. The inhibitory effect was observed in abnormal conidial germination and germ tube development when conidia were treated with different lipopeptide extract concentrations. Further analysis using PCR and chromatography confirmed the presence of fengycin, iturin and surfactine, of which iturin A showed the strongest and most common inhibitory effect. The results are supported by site-directed mutagenesis analysis, targeted to suppress the biosynthesis of iturin A production. Fruit trials confirmed disease development inhibition when the antagonist was applied 1 day prior to or 1 day after fungal application. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the iturin family of lipopeptides are vital in the antagonism of B. amyloliquefaciens against the seven citrus postharvest pathogenic fungi tested. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: We elucidated the principal mechanism used by B. amyloliquefaciens PPCB004 to suppress postharvest disease development on stored fruits.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Lipopeptide extracts of B. amyloliquefaciens showed strong inhibitory activity against seven citrus postharvest fungal pathogens.
- Treatment
- B. amyloliquefaciens lipopeptide extractse1
- Interactor
- fungal postharvest pathogense2pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens
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Bacillus amyloliquefaciense1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- inhibitive activitye1
CitrusNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Assays using B. amyloliquefaciens lipopeptide extracts showed a strong inhibitive activity”
e2“characterized for its antifungal activity against seven selected fungal postharvest pathogens of citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipopeptide extracts gave abnormal conidial germination and germ tube development in citrus postharvest fungal pathogens at different concentrations.
- Treatment
- different lipopeptide extract concentrationse1
- Interactor
- fungal postharvest pathogense2pathogen
- Outcome
- abnormal conidial germination and germ tube developmente1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The inhibitory effect was observed in abnormal conidial germination and germ tube development when conidia were treated with different lipopeptide extract concentrations”
e2“characterized for its antifungal activity against seven selected fungal postharvest pathogens of citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Presence of fengycin, iturin and surfactine was confirmed in the B. amyloliquefaciens lipopeptides of the citrus biocontrol strain.
- Outcome
- presence of fengycin, iturin and surfactinee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Further analysis using PCR and chromatography confirmed the presence of fengycin, iturin and surfactine, of which iturin A showed the strongest and most common inhibitory effect”
e2“characterized for its antifungal activity against seven selected fungal postharvest pathogens of citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Iturin A showed the strongest and most common inhibitory effect among the lipopeptides against citrus postharvest fungal pathogens.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Further analysis using PCR and chromatography confirmed the presence of fengycin, iturin and surfactine, of which iturin A showed the strongest and most common inhibitory effect”
e2“characterized for its antifungal activity against seven selected fungal postharvest pathogens of citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit trials showed that applying the antagonist 1 day before or after fungal inoculation inhibited citrus fruit disease development.
- Treatment
- the antagonist was applied 1 day prior to or 1 day after fungal applicatione1
- Interactor
- fungal postharvest pathogense2pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciensBacillus amyloliquefaciense3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease developmente1
- Direction
- inhibitione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fruit trials confirmed disease development inhibition when the antagonist was applied 1 day prior to or 1 day after fungal application”
e2“characterized for its antifungal activity against seven selected fungal postharvest pathogens of citrus”
e3“A Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain, surviving epiphytically on the surface of fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The iturin family of lipopeptides is concluded to be vital in the antagonism of B. amyloliquefaciens against seven citrus postharvest pathogenic fungi.
- Interactor
- citrus postharvest pathogenic fungie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciensBacillus amyloliquefaciense1biocontrol_agent
- Compound
- iturin family of lipopeptidese1
- Outcome
- antagonism of B. amyloliquefaciens against the seven citrus postharvest pathogenic fungi testede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“We conclude that the iturin family of lipopeptides are vital in the antagonism of B. amyloliquefaciens against the seven citrus postharvest pathogenic fungi tested”
The same questions in other papers
biocontrol · disease · CitrusPositive and negative results
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See all 21 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.