Abstract
We compared laboratory and field efficacies of pyrethroid insecticides (Baythroid, ‘FCR 4545’ [both cyfluthrin], Karate [lambda cyhalothrin]) and insect growth regulators (Confirm [tebufenozide], ‘RH-2485’ [methoxyfenozide]) against the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), a key pest of sugarcane in south Texas. We also studied treatment effects on longevity and survivorship of its braconid parasitoid, Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh. In the 1996 field season, Baythroid resulted in lower percentages of bored internodes compared with the other treatments. In the 1997 season, less borer damage was found in ‘FCR 4545’ (an isomer of Baythroid), relative to the other treatments. The differences may be partially attributed to the different application methods (tractor sprayer versus aerial). In both field seasons, no significant treatment effects could be found in any of the yield or juice quality measurements, suggesting that improvements must be made in application technology, or the biorational insecticides must be used in conjunction with other control agents, such as biological controls. Efficacy may be improved if applications can be timed to windows of susceptibility based on either plant phenology or pest lifecycle. Baythroid and FCR 4545 were generally most effective in reducing damage caused by E. loftini, although residual toxicity of Baythroid was higher than FCR 4545 against both E. loftini and A. pyralophagus. Comparisons between similar bioassays showed that Baythroid and tebufenozide were more toxic to E. loftini than to A. pyralophagus. Therefore, if A. pyralophagus or a similar parasitoid were to be used in conjunction with an insecticide, an effective approach may be to use a less toxic biorational, such as the insect growth regulator tebufenozide, or to time the release of the parasitoids after residual toxicity has declined in a biorational such as FCR 4545.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Baythroid reduced the percentage of bored sugarcane internodes relative to other treatments in the 1996 field season.
Verbatim
e0“In the 1996 field season, Baythroid resulted in lower percentages of bored internodes compared with the other treatments”
e1“Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), a key pest of sugarcane in south Texas”
Claim · model-written summary
FCR 4545 caused less sugarcane borer damage than other treatments in 1997.
Verbatim
e0“In the 1997 season, less borer damage was found in ‘FCR 4545’ (an isomer of Baythroid), relative to the other treatments”
e1“Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), a key pest of sugarcane in south Texas”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences in borer control may partly reflect tractor versus aerial application methods.
Verbatim
e0“The differences may be partially attributed to the different application methods (tractor sprayer versus aerial)”
e1“sugarcane in south Texas”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither field season showed significant treatment effects on sugarcane yield or juice quality measurements.
- Taxon
- sugarcanee1
- Outcome
- yield or juice quality measurementse0
- Qualifier
- both field seasonse0
- Setting
- south Texase1
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“In both field seasons, no significant treatment effects could be found in any of the yield or juice quality measurements”
e1“sugarcane in south Texas”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest improved application technology or combining biorational insecticides with other control agents.
Verbatim
e0“improvements must be made in application technology, or the biorational insecticides must be used in conjunction with other control agents, such as biological controls”
e1“sugarcane in south Texas”
Claim · model-written summary
Timing applications to susceptibility windows based on plant phenology or pest lifecycle may improve efficacy.
Verbatim
e0“Efficacy may be improved if applications can be timed to windows of susceptibility based on either plant phenology or pest lifecycle”
e1“sugarcane in south Texas”
Claim · model-written summary
Baythroid was generally most effective at reducing E. loftini damage.
- Taxon
- sugarcanee1
- Treatment
- Baythroide0
- Interactor
- E. loftiniEoreuma loftinie0pest
- Outcome
- damage caused by E. loftinie0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Setting
- south Texase1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Baythroid and FCR 4545 were generally most effective in reducing damage caused by E. loftini”
e1“sugarcane in south Texas”
Claim · model-written summary
FCR 4545 was generally most effective at reducing E. loftini damage.
- Taxon
- sugarcanee1
- Treatment
- FCR 4545e0
- Interactor
- E. loftiniEoreuma loftinie0pest
- Outcome
- damage caused by E. loftinie0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Setting
- south Texase1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Baythroid and FCR 4545 were generally most effective in reducing damage caused by E. loftini”
e1“sugarcane in south Texas”
Claim · model-written summary
Baythroid had higher residual toxicity than FCR 4545 against E. loftini.
Verbatim
e0“residual toxicity of Baythroid was higher than FCR 4545 against both E. loftini and A. pyralophagus”
Claim · model-written summary
Baythroid had higher residual toxicity than FCR 4545 against A. pyralophagus.
Verbatim
e0“residual toxicity of Baythroid was higher than FCR 4545 against both E. loftini and A. pyralophagus”
Claim · model-written summary
Baythroid was more toxic to E. loftini than to A. pyralophagus in comparable bioassays.
Verbatim
e0“Comparisons between similar bioassays showed that Baythroid and tebufenozide were more toxic to E. loftini than to A. pyralophagus”
Claim · model-written summary
Tebufenozide was more toxic to E. loftini than to A. pyralophagus in comparable bioassays.
Verbatim
e0“Comparisons between similar bioassays showed that Baythroid and tebufenozide were more toxic to E. loftini than to A. pyralophagus”
Claim · model-written summary
When combining parasitoids and insecticides, the authors recommend a less toxic biorational such as tebufenozide.
Verbatim
e0“if A. pyralophagus or a similar parasitoid were to be used in conjunction with an insecticide, an effective approach may be to use a less toxic biorational, such as the insect growth regulator tebufenozide”
e1“sugarcane in south Texas”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend timing parasitoid release after residual toxicity of a biorational such as FCR 4545 declines.
Verbatim
e0“to time the release of the parasitoids after residual toxicity has declined in a biorational such as FCR 4545”
e1“if A. pyralophagus or a similar parasitoid were to be used in conjunction with an insecticide”
e2“sugarcane in south Texas”