Abstract
The effects of Azolla pinnata R. Br. on weed emergence were evaluated in terms of plot area coverage by an A. pinnata mat, its biomass production and the amount of weed emergence, using fresh and dry weights, in a rice paddy field experiment. The experiment was conducted following a randomized block design with five combinations of fertilizer and A. pinnata treatments (control, A. pinnata + superphosphate, A. pinnata + urea, A. pinnata + compound fertilizer, A. pinnata + cow manure). The results revealed that after 18 days of inoculation, all superphosphate (T1) and cow manure (T4)‐treated plots were fully covered by the A. pinnata mat. However, coverage of the urea (T2) and compound fertilizer (T3)‐treated plots were only 80% and 70%, respectively. The full plot area coverage by the A. pinnata mat and the highest biomass production with superphosphate and cow manure‐treated plots were able to completely inhibit two weed species ( Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. hotarui Ohwi and Monochoria vaginalis Burm. f. Presl var. plantaginea (Roxb.) Solms‐Laub) and significantly suppressed four other weeds ( Cyperus serotinus Rottb, Echinochla oryzicola Vasing, and Eclipta prostrata L.). In all the treatments, the fresh weight of weeds significantly reduced to 13, 29, 34, and 9%, respectively, for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4. The dry weights also were significantly reduced to 10.00, 16.00, 22.00, and 7.26%, respectively, for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 over the control. The results revealed that there was a significant correlation among plot area coverage by the A. pinnata mat, its biomass production and weed emergence in a rice paddy field over the control. Azolla pinnata did not have any detrimental effect on the growth of rice plants.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Superphosphate treatment produced full Azolla mat coverage after 18 days.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- superphosphate (T1)e0
- Interactor
- A. pinnata mat
Azolla pinnatae0other - Outcome
- fully covered by the A. pinnata mate0
- Qualifier
- after 18 days of inoculatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“after 18 days of inoculation, all superphosphate (T1) and cow manure (T4)‐treated plots were fully covered by the A. pinnata mat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow manure treatment produced full Azolla mat coverage after 18 days.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- cow manure (T4)e0
- Interactor
- A. pinnata matAzolla pinnatae0other
- Outcome
- fully covered by the A. pinnata mate0
- Qualifier
- after 18 days of inoculatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“after 18 days of inoculation, all superphosphate (T1) and cow manure (T4)‐treated plots were fully covered by the A. pinnata mat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea-treated plots had 80% Azolla mat coverage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- urea (T2)e0
- Outcome
- coveragee0
- Value
- 80%e0
AzollaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Azolla species on weed emergence in a rice paddy ecosystem”
e0“coverage of the urea (T2) and compound fertilizer (T3)‐treated plots were only 80% and 70%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound fertilizer-treated plots had 70% Azolla mat coverage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- compound fertilizer (T3)e0
- Outcome
- coveragee0
- Value
- 70%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Azolla species on weed emergence in a rice paddy ecosystem”
e0“coverage of the urea (T2) and compound fertilizer (T3)‐treated plots were only 80% and 70%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Full Azolla mat coverage under superphosphate or manure completely inhibited Scirpus juncoides.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. hotarui Ohwi
.jpg?width=60)
Schoenoplectiella juncoidese0weed - Outcome
- completely inhibite0
- Qualifier
- with superphosphate and cow manure‐treated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“The full plot area coverage by the A. pinnata mat and the highest biomass production with superphosphate and cow manure‐treated plots were able to completely inhibit two weed species ( Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. hotarui Ohwi and Monochoria vaginalis Burm. f. Presl var. plantaginea (Roxb.) Solms‐Laub)”
Claim · model-written summary
Full Azolla mat coverage under superphosphate or manure completely inhibited Monochoria vaginalis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Monochoria vaginalis Burm. f. Presl var. plantaginea (Roxb.) Solms‐Laube0weed
- Outcome
- completely inhibite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“The full plot area coverage by the A. pinnata mat and the highest biomass production with superphosphate and cow manure‐treated plots were able to completely inhibit two weed species ( Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. hotarui Ohwi and Monochoria vaginalis Burm. f. Presl var. plantaginea (Roxb.) Solms‐Laub)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments significantly suppressed the other listed weeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Cyperus serotinus Rottb
Cyperus serotinuse0weed - Outcome
- suppressed four other weedse0
- Qualifier
- Echinochla oryzicola Vasing, and Eclipta prostrata L.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“significantly suppressed four other weeds ( Cyperus serotinus Rottb, Echinochla oryzicola Vasing, and Eclipta prostrata L.).”
Claim · model-written summary
Superphosphate reduced weed fresh weight to 13% of control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- fresh weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 13e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“In all the treatments, the fresh weight of weeds significantly reduced to 13, 29, 34, and 9%, respectively, for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4.”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea reduced weed fresh weight to 29% of control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- fresh weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 29e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“In all the treatments, the fresh weight of weeds significantly reduced to 13, 29, 34, and 9%, respectively, for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4.”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound fertilizer reduced weed fresh weight to 34% of control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- fresh weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 34e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“In all the treatments, the fresh weight of weeds significantly reduced to 13, 29, 34, and 9%, respectively, for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow manure reduced weed fresh weight to 9% of control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- fresh weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“In all the treatments, the fresh weight of weeds significantly reduced to 13, 29, 34, and 9%, respectively, for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4.”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 reduced weed dry weight to 10.00% of control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Outcome
- dry weightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.00e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedInteractorInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“The dry weights also were significantly reduced to 10.00, 16.00, 22.00, and 7.26%, respectively, for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 over the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 reduced weed dry weight to 16.00% of control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- dry weightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 16.00e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“The dry weights also were significantly reduced to 10.00, 16.00, 22.00, and 7.26%, respectively, for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 over the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 reduced weed dry weight to 22.00% of control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Outcome
- dry weightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22.00e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“The dry weights also were significantly reduced to 10.00, 16.00, 22.00, and 7.26%, respectively, for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 over the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 reduced weed dry weight to 7.26% of control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- dry weightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.26%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“The dry weights also were significantly reduced to 10.00, 16.00, 22.00, and 7.26%, respectively, for treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 over the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla mat coverage, biomass and weed emergence were significantly correlated.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- A. pinnata mate0
- Outcome
- weed emergencee0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- rice paddy fielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“there was a significant correlation among plot area coverage by the A. pinnata mat, its biomass production and weed emergence in a rice paddy field over the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla had no detrimental effect on rice growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Azolla pinnatae0
- Outcome
- growth of rice plantse0
- Direction
- did not have any detrimental effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Azolla pinnata did not have any detrimental effect on the growth of rice plants.”
The same questions in other papers
Azolla pinnata · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.