Abstract
Synthetic chemical elicitors of plant defense have been touted as a powerful means for sustainable crop protection. Yet, they have never been successfully applied to control insect pests in the field. We developed a high-throughput chemical genetics screening system based on a herbivore-induced linalool synthase promoter fused to a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter construct to test synthetic compounds for their potential to induce rice defenses. We identified 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), an auxin homolog and widely used herbicide in monocotyledonous crops, as a potent elicitor of rice defenses. Low doses of 2,4-D induced a strong defensive reaction upstream of the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways, resulting in a marked increase in trypsin proteinase inhibitor activity and volatile production. Induced plants were more resistant to the striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis, but became highly attractive to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and its main egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae. In a field experiment, 2,4-D application turned rice plants into living traps for N. lugens by attracting parasitoids. Our findings demonstrate the potential of auxin homologs as defensive signals and show the potential of the herbicide to turn rice into a selective catch crop for an economically important pest.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Low doses of 2,4-D increased trypsin proteinase inhibitor activity in rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Low doses of 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- trypsin proteinase inhibitor activitye1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as a potent elicitor of rice defenses”
e1“Low doses of 2,4-D induced a strong defensive reaction upstream of the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways, resulting in a marked increase in trypsin proteinase inhibitor activity and volatile production”
Claim · model-written summary
Low doses of 2,4-D increased volatile production in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Low doses of 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- volatile productione1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as a potent elicitor of rice defenses”
e1“Low doses of 2,4-D induced a strong defensive reaction upstream of the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways, resulting in a marked increase in trypsin proteinase inhibitor activity and volatile production”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice induced by 2,4-D was more resistant to the striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Low doses of 2,4-De1
- Interactor
- Chilo suppressalis
.jpg?width=60)
Chilo suppressalise2pest - Outcome
- more resistant to the striped stem borere2
- Direction
- more resistante2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“as a potent elicitor of rice defenses”
e1“Low doses of 2,4-D induced a strong defensive reaction upstream of the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways, resulting in a marked increase in trypsin proteinase inhibitor activity and volatile production”
e2“Induced plants were more resistant to the striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice induced by 2,4-D became highly attractive to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and its egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Low doses of 2,4-De1
- Interactor
- Nilaparvata lugens
Nilaparvata lugense3pest - Second interactor
- Anagrus nilaparvataeAnagrus nilaparvataee3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- attractivee3
- Direction
- highly attractivee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as a potent elicitor of rice defenses”
e1“Low doses of 2,4-D induced a strong defensive reaction upstream of the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways, resulting in a marked increase in trypsin proteinase inhibitor activity and volatile production”
e3“but became highly attractive to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and its main egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae”
Claim · model-written summary
In a field experiment, 2,4-D application turned rice plants into living traps that attracted parasitoids of N. lugens.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D applicatione4
- Interactor
- N. lugensNilaparvata lugense4pest
- Second interactor
- parasitoidse4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- living traps for N. lugense4
- Direction
- turnede4
- Setting
- field experimente4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as a potent elicitor of rice defenses”
e4“In a field experiment, 2,4-D application turned rice plants into living traps for N. lugens by attracting parasitoids”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
51 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
58 papers more in this group
See all 62 papers →2,4-D · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
2,4-D · Nilaparvata lugens · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.