Abstract
Oidium neolycopersici causes severe powdery mildew on all aerial parts of tomato, excluding the fruit. The objective of the present work was to examine factors that influence the development of O. neolycopersici on tomato and to identify potential methods for managing tomato powdery mildew. Under controlled conditions, the highest rates of conidial germination were observed at 25 degrees C, 99% relative humidity (RH) and minimal light, and the lowest on leaves adjacent to fruits. Optimal conditions for appressoria formation were 25 degrees C, RH ranging from 33 to 99%, and 1,750 lux light intensity. More conidia were formed at 20 degrees C, 70 to 85% RH, and 5,150 lux light intensity than at 16 and 26 degrees C, 99% RH, and 480 to 1,750 lux, respectively. Conidia survived and remained capable of germination for over four months when initially incubated at lower temperatures and higher RH, as compared with their fast decline under more extreme summer shade conditions. In growth chamber experiments, disease did not develop at 28 degrees C. Within the range of 70 to 99% RH, disease was less severe under the higher RH than the drier conditions. Disease was also less severe at lower light intensities. Data collected in three commercial-like greenhouse experiments involving various climate regimes were used to draw correlations regarding the effects of temperature and RH on the development of epidemics. Severity of powdery mildew was positively correlated with the duration of the range 15 to 25 degrees C, 1 to 4 weeks before disease evaluation (BDE), RH levels of 60 to 90% at 2 to 4 weeks BDE, and RH of 50 to 60% during the week BDE. Conversely, disease was negatively correlated with the duration of temperatures in the low and high ranges (5 to 15 degrees C and 35 to 40 degrees C) at 1 to 4 weeks BDE, with the duration of RH levels of 40% and below at 1 to 4 weeks BDE, and with 50 to 60% RH during the third week BDE. High (90 to 100%) RH was also negatively correlated with disease severity. These results suggest that the combination of high temperatures and low RH may help reduce O. neolycopersici powdery mildew severity in greenhouse tomatoes.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Conidial germination was highest at 25 degrees C, 99% RH and minimal light.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- rates of conidial germinatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 25 degrees C, 99% relative humidity (RH) and minimal lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under controlled conditions, the highest rates of conidial germination were observed at 25 degrees C, 99% relative humidity (RH) and minimal light, and the lowest on leaves adjacent to fruits.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidial germination was lowest on leaves adjacent to fruits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaves adjacent to fruitse0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- rates of conidial germinatione0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under controlled conditions, the highest rates of conidial germination were observed at 25 degrees C, 99% relative humidity (RH) and minimal light, and the lowest on leaves adjacent to fruits.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Appressoria formation was optimal at 25 degrees C, 33–99% RH and 1,750 lux.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- appressoria formatione0
- Direction
- Optimale0
- Qualifier
- 25 degrees C, RH ranging from 33 to 99%, and 1,750 lux light intensitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimal conditions for appressoria formation were 25 degrees C, RH ranging from 33 to 99%, and 1,750 lux light intensity.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidia formation was greater at 20 degrees C, 70 to 85% RH and 5,150 lux than under the compared conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- conidiae0
- Direction
- Moree0
- Qualifier
- 20 degrees C, 70 to 85% RH, and 5,150 lux light intensitye0
- Comparator
- 16 and 26 degrees C, 99% RH, and 480 to 1,750 luxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More conidia were formed at 20 degrees C, 70 to 85% RH, and 5,150 lux light intensity than at 16 and 26 degrees C, 99% RH, and 480 to 1,750 lux, respectively.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidia survived and retained germination capacity for over four months after incubation at lower temperature and higher RH.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- Conidia survived and remained capable of germinatione0
- Value
- over four monthse0
- Qualifier
- lower temperatures and higher RHe0
- Comparator
- more extreme summer shade conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conidia survived and remained capable of germination for over four months when initially incubated at lower temperatures and higher RH, as compared with their fast decline under more extreme summer shade conditions.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease did not develop at 28 degrees C in a growth chamber.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease did not develope0
- Qualifier
- 28 degrees Ce0
- Setting
- growth chambere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In growth chamber experiments, disease did not develop at 28 degrees C.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease was less severe at higher RH within 70–99% RH than in drier conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- less severee0
- Comparator
- drier conditionse0
- Setting
- 70 to 99% RHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within the range of 70 to 99% RH, disease was less severe under the higher RH than the drier conditions.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease was less severe at lower light intensities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- Diseasee0
- Direction
- less severee0
- Setting
- lower light intensitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease was also less severe at lower light intensities.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Powdery mildew severity correlated positively with 15 to 25 degrees C, 1 to 4 weeks before disease evaluation (BDE).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severity of powdery mildewe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Setting
- 15 to 25 degrees C, 1 to 4 weeks before disease evaluation (BDE)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of powdery mildew was positively correlated with the duration of the range 15 to 25 degrees C, 1 to 4 weeks before disease evaluation (BDE), RH levels of 60 to 90% at 2 to 4 weeks BDE, and RH of 50 to 60% during the week BDE.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Powdery mildew severity correlated positively with RH levels of 60 to 90% at 2 to 4 weeks BDE.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severity of powdery mildewe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Setting
- RH levels of 60 to 90% at 2 to 4 weeks BDEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of powdery mildew was positively correlated with the duration of the range 15 to 25 degrees C, 1 to 4 weeks before disease evaluation (BDE), RH levels of 60 to 90% at 2 to 4 weeks BDE, and RH of 50 to 60% during the week BDE.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Powdery mildew severity correlated positively with RH of 50 to 60% during the week BDE.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severity of powdery mildewe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Setting
- RH of 50 to 60% during the week BDEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity of powdery mildew was positively correlated with the duration of the range 15 to 25 degrees C, 1 to 4 weeks before disease evaluation (BDE), RH levels of 60 to 90% at 2 to 4 weeks BDE, and RH of 50 to 60% during the week BDE.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease severity correlated negatively with 5 to 15 degrees C and 35 to 40 degrees C.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Setting
- 5 to 15 degrees C and 35 to 40 degrees Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, disease was negatively correlated with the duration of temperatures in the low and high ranges (5 to 15 degrees C and 35 to 40 degrees C) at 1 to 4 weeks BDE, with the duration of RH levels of 40% and below at 1 to 4 weeks BDE, and with 50 to 60% RH during the third week BDE.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease severity correlated negatively with RH levels of 40% and below at 1 to 4 weeks BDE.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Setting
- RH levels of 40% and below at 1 to 4 weeks BDEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, disease was negatively correlated with the duration of temperatures in the low and high ranges (5 to 15 degrees C and 35 to 40 degrees C) at 1 to 4 weeks BDE, with the duration of RH levels of 40% and below at 1 to 4 weeks BDE, and with 50 to 60% RH during the third week BDE.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease severity correlated negatively with 50 to 60% RH during the third week BDE.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Setting
- 50 to 60% RH during the third week BDEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, disease was negatively correlated with the duration of temperatures in the low and high ranges (5 to 15 degrees C and 35 to 40 degrees C) at 1 to 4 weeks BDE, with the duration of RH levels of 40% and below at 1 to 4 weeks BDE, and with 50 to 60% RH during the third week BDE.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
High RH of 90 to 100% correlated negatively with disease severity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Oidium neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicit0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Setting
- High (90 to 100%) RHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High (90 to 100%) RH was also negatively correlated with disease severity.”
t0“Tomato Caused by Oidium neolycopersici”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest high temperature combined with low RH may reduce powdery mildew severity in greenhouse tomatoes.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- O. neolycopersiciErysiphe neolycopersicie0pathogen
- Outcome
- combination of high temperatures and low RH may help reduce O. neolycopersici powdery mildew severitye0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results suggest that the combination of high temperatures and low RH may help reduce O. neolycopersici powdery mildew severity in greenhouse tomatoes.”