Abstract
Experiments were carried out in two steps to determine the effect of anaerobically digested swine manure on soybean cyst nematode (SCN) egg control. In the first step, liquid swine manure underwent anaerobic digestion to search for the best digestion time for both volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonium nitrogen (NH(4)(+)) enrichment. The results showed that about 17 and 28 days of incubation were needed, respectively, to reach the maximal levels of VFA and NH(4)(+) in the manure. In the second step, raw, VFA-enriched, and NH(4)(+)-enriched manure were applied separately, at four different rates (25, 50, 100, and 200 mL/pot), to soil pots inoculated with nematode eggs in a greenhouse environment. Soil samples were collected 35 and 61 days after inoculation to determine the effect of such treated manure on SCN egg productivity. The data indicated that the SCN egg counts were inversely related to the manure application rates in a linear manner with correlation coefficients of 0.998, 0.967, and 0.900 for raw, NH(4)(+)-enriched, and VFA-enriched manure for the 35-day samples. While no such relationships were found for the 61-day samples, implying that none of the treatments were still effective 61 days after application. At the four application rates, the VFA-enriched manure performed best in reducing SCN egg counts (by 18.1, 19.5, 34.3, and 18.6%) as compared to the raw manure treatment. In contrast, the NH(4)(+)-enriched manure achieved mostly negative reductions. To achieve the best control of SCN egg growth, the VFA-enriched manure should be used and applied to soybean fields every 35 days.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Volatile fatty acids in manure reached maximal levels after about 17 days.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Outcome
- maximal levels of VFAe0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Value
- 17e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“about 17 and 28 days of incubation were needed, respectively, to reach the maximal levels of VFA and NH(4)(+) in the manure”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrogen in manure reached maximal levels after about 28 days.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- NH(4)(+) in the manuree0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Value
- 28 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“about 17 and 28 days of incubation were needed, respectively, to reach the maximal levels of VFA and NH(4)(+) in the manure”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 35 days, soybean cyst nematode egg counts declined linearly as raw manure rate increased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- rawe0
- Interactor
- SCNe0pest
- Outcome
- SCN egg countse0
- Direction
- inversely relatede0
- Value
- 0.998e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SCN egg counts were inversely related to the manure application rates in a linear manner with correlation coefficients of 0.998, 0.967, and 0.900 for raw, NH(4)(+)-enriched, and VFA-enriched manure for the 35-day samples”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 35 days, egg counts declined linearly as ammonium enriched manure rate increased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- NH(4)(+)-enrichede0
- Interactor
- SCNe0pest
- Outcome
- SCN egg countse0
- Direction
- inversely relatede0
- Value
- 0.967e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SCN egg counts were inversely related to the manure application rates in a linear manner with correlation coefficients of 0.998, 0.967, and 0.900 for raw, NH(4)(+)-enriched, and VFA-enriched manure for the 35-day samples”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 35 days, egg counts declined linearly as VFA enriched manure rate increased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- VFA-enrichede0
- Interactor
- SCNe0pest
- Outcome
- SCN egg countse0
- Direction
- inversely relatede0
- Value
- 0.900e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SCN egg counts were inversely related to the manure application rates in a linear manner with correlation coefficients of 0.998, 0.967, and 0.900 for raw, NH(4)(+)-enriched, and VFA-enriched manure for the 35-day samples”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 61 days, manure rates no longer showed those relationships with egg counts.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- relationshipse0
- Direction
- no such relationshipse0
- Qualifier
- 61-day samplese0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no such relationships were found for the 61-day samples”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
VFA enriched manure reduced SCN egg counts relative to raw manure at four rates.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- VFA-enriched manuree0
- Interactor
- SCNe0pest
- Outcome
- SCN egg countse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 18.1, 19.5, 34.3, and 18.6%e0
- Comparator
- raw manure treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VFA-enriched manure performed best in reducing SCN egg counts (by 18.1, 19.5, 34.3, and 18.6%) as compared to the raw manure treatment”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium enriched manure gave mostly negative egg count reductions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- NH(4)(+)-enriched manuree0
- Outcome
- negative reductionse0
- Direction
- negative reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NH(4)(+)-enriched manure achieved mostly negative reductions”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend VFA enriched manure every 35 days for soybean fields.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- VFA-enriched manuree0
- Outcome
- applied to soybean fields every 35 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VFA-enriched manure should be used and applied to soybean fields every 35 days”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · pest · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- negative
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.