Abstract
The effects of exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB) (10 m M ) on growth, leaf water content, water use efficiency, photosynthetic gas exchange, and photosystem II photochemistry were investigated in maize plants subjected to salt stress (50 and 100 m M NaCl). Salt stress resulted in the decrease in growth and leaf relative water content as well as net photosynthesis and the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis. Stomatal conductance, evaporation rate, and water use efficiency were decreased in salt‐stressed plants. Salt stress also caused a decrease in the actual efficiency of PSII ( Φ PSII ), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers ( F v ′/ F m ′), and the coefficients of photochemical quenching ( q P ) but caused an increase in non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ). Salt stress showed no effects on the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry ( F v / F m ). On the other hand, in salt‐stressed plants, GB application improved growth, leaf water content, net photosynthesis, and the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis. GB application also increased stomatal conductance, leaf evaporation rate, and water use efficiency. In addition, GB application increased Φ PSII , F v ′/ F m ′, and q P but decreased NPQ. However, GB application showed no effects on F v / F m . These results suggest that photosynthesis was improved by GB application in salt‐stressed plants and such an improvement was associated with an improvement in stomatal conductance and the actual PSII efficiency.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced maize growth, leaf water, net photosynthesis, and quantum yield.
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- growth and leaf relative water content as well as net photosynthesise0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress resulted in the decrease in growth and leaf relative water content as well as net photosynthesis and the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis.”
t0“Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt‐stressed maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced stomatal conductance, evaporation, and water use efficiency.
- Treatment
- salt‐stressede0
- Outcome
- Stomatal conductance, evaporation rate, and water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal conductance, evaporation rate, and water use efficiency were decreased in salt‐stressed plants.”
t0“Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt‐stressed maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced three PSII photochemical measures.
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- actual efficiency of PSII ( Φ PSII ), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers ( F v ′/ F m ′), and the coefficients of photochemical quenching ( q P )e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress also caused a decrease in the actual efficiency of PSII ( Φ PSII ), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers ( F v ′/ F m ′), and the coefficients of photochemical quenching ( q P )”
t0“Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt‐stressed maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased nonphotochemical quenching.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress also caused a decrease in the actual efficiency of PSII ( Φ PSII ), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers ( F v ′/ F m ′), and the coefficients of photochemical quenching ( q P ) but caused an increase in non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ).”
t0“Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt‐stressed maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress had no effect on maximal PSII efficiency.
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry ( F v / F m )e0
- Direction
- no effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress showed no effects on the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry ( F v / F m ).”
t0“Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt‐stressed maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine improved growth, leaf water, net photosynthesis, and quantum yield under salt stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB application improved growth, leaf water content, net photosynthesis, and the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis.”
t0“Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt‐stressed maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine increased stomatal conductance, evaporation, and water use efficiency.
- Treatment
- GB applicatione0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, leaf evaporation rate, and water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB application also increased stomatal conductance, leaf evaporation rate, and water use efficiency.”
t0“Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt‐stressed maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine increased three PSII photochemical measures.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB application increased Φ PSII , F v ′/ F m ′, and q P”
t0“Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt‐stressed maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine decreased nonphotochemical quenching.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB application increased Φ PSII , F v ′/ F m ′, and q P but decreased NPQ.”
t0“Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt‐stressed maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine had no effect on maximal PSII efficiency.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB application showed no effects on F v / F m .”
t0“Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt‐stressed maize plants”