Abstract
Abstract Information on how management affects seed yield components of turf‐type tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreber) cultivars is needed to improve cultural practices for seed production. We tested factorial combinations of two post‐harvest residue managements (flailchopping or burning the stubble), two row spacing (0.3 and 0.6 m), three spring‐applied N rates (100, 145, and 190 kg ha −1 ), and three N application timings (double‐ridge, spikelet initiation, and equally split between the two) on seed yield components of turf‐type cultivars Falcon, Rebel, and Bonanza, and the forage cultivar Fawn. Seed yields of all cultivars were closely correlated with the number of seeds produced per unit area ( m 2 ), but yields were weakly and negatively correlated with weight per seed. Compared with flail‐chopping, burning the residue increased the numbers of fertile tillers, floret sites, and seeds per unit area in all cultivars. The number of seeds per unit area was not affected by row spacing in Fawn and Bonanza, but was increased at 0.3‐m row spacing in Falcon when the residue was burned, and was greater at 0.6‐m in Rebel when the residue was flail‐chopped. Increasing N rate above 100 kg ha ‐1 decreased floret site utilization and seeds per unit area in Fawn, but did not affect these components in Falcon and Rebel. Seeds per unit area in Bonanza was the greatest at 145 kg N ha ‐1 . For all cultivars, N application timing had little effect on seeds per unit area. We conclude that management practices for the turf‐type cultivars should focus on maintaining a high number of fertile tillers throughout the stand life by burning post‐harvest residue. Using narrower row spacings for early‐ and mid‐maturing turf‐type cultivars also could increase the number of fertile tillers per unit area when the post‐harvest residue is burned. The optimum spring‐applied N rate for seed production is apparently greater for the late‐maturing turf types than for forage cultivars.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield closely tracked seeds per unit area across cultivars.
- Taxon
- Tall Fescue
Lolium arundinaceumt0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- Seed yieldse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed yields of all cultivars were closely correlated with the number of seeds produced per unit area ( m 2 )”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield was weakly negatively correlated with individual seed weight.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Organ / stage
- seede0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- negativelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yields were weakly and negatively correlated with weight per seed”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Burning residue increased fertile tillers, floret sites, and seeds per area in all cultivars versus flail chopping.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- burning the residuee0
- Outcome
- numbers of fertile tillers, floret sites, and seeds per unit areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- flail‐choppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with flail‐chopping, burning the residue increased the numbers of fertile tillers, floret sites, and seeds per unit area in all cultivars”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Row spacing did not affect seeds per area in Fawn.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Material
- Fawne0
- Treatment
- row spacinge0
- Outcome
- number of seeds per unit areae0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of seeds per unit area was not affected by row spacing in Fawn and Bonanza”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Row spacing did not affect seeds per area in Bonanza.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Material
- Bonanzae0
- Treatment
- row spacinge0
- Outcome
- number of seeds per unit areae0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of seeds per unit area was not affected by row spacing in Fawn and Bonanza”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
With burned residue, Falcon had more seeds per area at 0.3 m spacing.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Material
- Falcone0
- Treatment
- 0.3‐m row spacinge0
- Outcome
- number of seeds per unit areae1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- when the residue was burnede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased at 0.3‐m row spacing in Falcon when the residue was burned”
e1“The number of seeds per unit area”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
With chopped residue, Rebel had more seeds per area at 0.6 m spacing.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Material
- Rebele0
- Treatment
- 0.6‐me0
- Outcome
- number of seeds per unit areae1
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- when the residue was flail‐choppede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greater at 0.6‐m in Rebel when the residue was flail‐chopped”
e1“The number of seeds per unit area”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen above 100 kg/ha decreased floret site use and seeds per area in Fawn.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Material
- Fawne0
- Treatment
- N rate above 100 kg ha ‐1e0
- Outcome
- floret site utilization and seeds per unit areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing N rate above 100 kg ha ‐1 decreased floret site utilization and seeds per unit area in Fawn”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen did not affect those components in Falcon.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Material
- Falcone0
- Treatment
- N rate above 100 kg ha ‐1e0
- Outcome
- floret site utilization and seeds per unit areae0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing N rate above 100 kg ha ‐1 decreased floret site utilization and seeds per unit area in Fawn, but did not affect these components in Falcon and Rebel”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen did not affect those components in Rebel.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Material
- Rebele0
- Treatment
- N rate above 100 kg ha ‐1e0
- Outcome
- floret site utilization and seeds per unit areae0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing N rate above 100 kg ha ‐1 decreased floret site utilization and seeds per unit area in Fawn, but did not affect these components in Falcon and Rebel”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Bonanza produced most seeds per area at 145 kg N/ha.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Material
- Bonanzae0
- Treatment
- 145 kg N ha ‐1e0
- Outcome
- Seeds per unit areae0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds per unit area in Bonanza was the greatest at 145 kg N ha ‐1”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen timing had little effect on seeds per area across cultivars.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- N application timinge0
- Outcome
- seeds per unit areae0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all cultivars, N application timing had little effect on seeds per unit area”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend burning residue to retain many fertile tillers over stand life.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- maintaining a high number of fertile tillers throughout the stand life by burning post‐harvest residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“management practices for the turf‐type cultivars should focus on maintaining a high number of fertile tillers throughout the stand life by burning post‐harvest residue”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest narrower rows could increase fertile tillers in early and mid-maturing turf cultivars when residue is burned.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- Using narrower row spacings for early‐ and mid‐maturing turf‐type cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using narrower row spacings for early‐ and mid‐maturing turf‐type cultivars also could increase the number of fertile tillers per unit area when the post‐harvest residue is burned”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude late-maturing turf types apparently need a higher spring nitrogen rate than forage cultivars.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- optimum spring‐applied N rate for seed productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimum spring‐applied N rate for seed production is apparently greater for the late‐maturing turf types than for forage cultivars”
t0“Tall Fescue”
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