Abstract
Leaf and crown wart, marbled or beet root tumour are some of the common names given to a disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) caused by Urophlyctis leproides (formerly Physoderma leproides). It was first reported in Algeria in 1894 (Trabut, 1894). Since then, the disease has been recorded in Argentina, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, Palestine and the USA (Whitney, 1971). In Egypt, the disease was observed during harvest (2003, 2004, 2005) at three locations in the Nile Delta (Behira, Gharbia and Kafr El-Sheikh) on a range of sugar beet cultivars (Gloria, Kawmera, Oscar poly, Othus poly and Pleno). Disease incidence (DI) was less than 1% in 2003, 1–2% in 2004 and 3% in 2005. Although the DI is currently low, if the trend observed over the last few years continues, the disease could reach epidemic levels in the near future. The disease exhibited typical symptoms on root crowns and occasionally on petioles and leaf blades. Galls on leaf blades and petioles are greenish brown and have a rough appearance. Affected leaves are malformed. On the crown, galls range in size from 1 cm to (most commonly) 8–10 cm. These galls are spherical, rough and are attached to the host by a narrow base. Gall colour was variable, ranging from shades of green through yellow to brown depending on the age of plant cultivar. Galls occurred singly or coalesced to form complexes. Sections made through a crown gall revealed cavities filled with thick-walled sporangia (resting spores) surrounded by thickened wall. Sporangia were light brown, spherical to ovoid or concave (25 ± 5 × 40 ± 5 µm) in diameter (Ruppel, 1995). As the gall decomposes, resting sporangia are released into the soil. Soil surveys were carried out in the affected areas and detected resting sporangia. Twenty seedlings of B. vulgaris cv. Gloria were inoculated with 105 resting spores mL−1 and incubated 22 ± 2°C in continuous fluorescent light for 48 h, followed by 14 h light and 10 h dark. Uninoculated plants were used as a control. Symptoms appeared on the test plants after 11 days and sporangia were reisolated from the mature gall tissues (Mahmoody et al., 1997). No symptoms were observed on uninoculated controls. This is the first report of sugar beet crown wart disease (U. leproides) affecting B. vulgaris in Egypt. The authors would like to thank Dr El-Sayed Belal for his valuable opinion and Mr Fath for his technical assistance.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Crown wart was observed in Egyptian sugar beet during harvest in 2003 through 2005.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0 - Material
- Gloria, Kawmera, Oscar poly, Othus poly and Plenoe0
- Outcome
- disease was observede0
- Setting
- Egypte0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Egypt, the disease was observed during harvest (2003, 2004, 2005) at three locations in the Nile Delta (Behira, Gharbia and Kafr El-Sheikh) on a range of sugar beet cultivars (Gloria, Kawmera, Oscar poly, Othus poly and Pleno).”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease incidence was below one percent in 2003.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Urophlyctis leproidest0
- Outcome
- Disease incidencee0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 1%e0
- Setting
- Egyptt0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease incidence (DI) was less than 1% in 2003”
t0“sugar beet crown wart disease caused by Urophlyctis leproides in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease incidence was one to two percent in 2004.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Urophlyctis leproidest0
- Outcome
- crown wart diseaset0
- Value
- 1–2%e0
- Setting
- Egyptt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1–2% in 2004”
t0“sugar beet crown wart disease caused by Urophlyctis leproides in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease incidence was three percent in 2005.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Urophlyctis leproidest0
- Outcome
- crown wart diseaset0
- Value
- 3%e0
- Setting
- Egyptt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3% in 2005”
t0“sugar beet crown wart disease caused by Urophlyctis leproides in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
The disease caused galls on root crowns, sometimes petioles and leaf blades, and malformed leaves.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Urophlyctis leproidest0
- Outcome
- typical symptoms on root crowns and occasionally on petioles and leaf bladese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The disease exhibited typical symptoms on root crowns and occasionally on petioles and leaf blades. Galls on leaf blades and petioles are greenish brown and have a rough appearance. Affected leaves are malformed.”
t0“sugar beet crown wart disease caused by Urophlyctis leproides in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Crown galls most commonly reached 8 to 10 cm.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Urophlyctis leproidest0
- Outcome
- galls range in sizee0
- Value
- 8–10 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the crown, galls range in size from 1 cm to (most commonly) 8–10 cm.”
t0“sugar beet crown wart disease caused by Urophlyctis leproides in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Crown gall sections contained thick-walled resting sporangia.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Urophlyctis leproidest0
- Outcome
- cavities filled with thick-walled sporangia (resting spores)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sections made through a crown gall revealed cavities filled with thick-walled sporangia (resting spores) surrounded by thickened wall.”
t0“sugar beet crown wart disease caused by Urophlyctis leproides in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Resting sporangia were detected in soil from affected areas.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Urophlyctis leproidest0
- Outcome
- resting sporangiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil surveys were carried out in the affected areas and detected resting sporangia.”
t0“sugar beet crown wart disease caused by Urophlyctis leproides in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated Gloria seedlings developed symptoms after 11 days and sporangia were reisolated.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Material
- Gloriae1
- Treatment
- inoculated with 105 resting spores mL−1e1
- Interactor
- Urophlyctis leproidest0
- Outcome
- Symptoms appearede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptoms appeared on the test plants after 11 days and sporangia were reisolated from the mature gall tissues”
e1“Twenty seedlings of B. vulgaris cv. Gloria were inoculated with 105 resting spores mL−1”
t0“sugar beet crown wart disease caused by Urophlyctis leproides in Egypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninoculated controls showed no symptoms.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Urophlyctis leproidest0
- Outcome
- No symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No symptoms were observed on uninoculated controls.”
t0“sugar beet crown wart disease caused by Urophlyctis leproides in Egypt”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · disease · Beta vulgaris (beet)Positive and negative results
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See all 24 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.