Abstract
ABSTRACT A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the relationships between foliar carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and above ground dry matter (ADM) at different stages during a plant's life cycle, and grain carbon isotope discrimination and grain yield (GY) at maturity of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different nitrogen (N) and water levels. Results showed that ADM and GY both increased significantly with decreasing water stress, while the effects of nitrogen on ADM and GY varied with the water conditions. Foliar and grain carbon isotope discrimination decreased with increasing water stress and increasing nitrogen levels. For all water conditions, relationships between carbon isotope discrimination (foliar and grain) and yields (ADM and GY) were significantly positive (P < 0.001) at various growth stages. However, at the same water level, the correlations were complex, and under well-watered conditions, ADM and GY were strongly and negatively correlated with foliar and grain carbon isotope discrimination at all growth stages (P < 0.001). The correlations were inconsistent and not significant at moderate water level, but were positive under drought. Our results showed that water and nitrogen both significantly affected the relationships between yield and carbon isotope discrimination of spring wheat, that there are interactions between these two parameters, and that environmental conditions such as water and fertilizer must thus be considered in future research on the relationship between yield and carbon isotope discrimination of spring wheat. Keywords: waternitrogencarbon isotope discrimination (Δ)growth stages of wheat ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding was provided by the Fifteenth National Program for Tackling Key Problems (2005BA517A02) and the National Natural Science foundation of China (Grant No. 40501076). We express our sincere thanks to Prof. Zhi-hong Cao for his valuable guidance and reviewing. We also thank Mr. Geoff Hart for his assistance in improving the manuscript. Notes a Fw, watering effect; Fn, nitrogen effect; Fw×n, watering×nitrogen interaction. Values followed by different lowercase letters differ significantly among nitrogen levels for given moisture content. Values followed by different capital letters differ significantly among moisture contents for the same nitrogen level. Significance was determined at P < 0.05 using Duncan's multiple-range test. Mean values were calculated for the three replicates per treatment. Significance of the two main effects and of their interaction was tested by means of ANOVA: ns, not significant; ∗, significant at P < 0.05; ∗∗, significant at P < 0.01; ∗∗∗, significant at P < 0.001.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground dry matter increased significantly as water stress decreased.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- decreasing water stresse0
- Outcome
- ADMe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADM and GY both increased significantly with decreasing water stress”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield increased significantly as water stress decreased.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- decreasing water stresse0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ADM and GY both increased significantly with decreasing water stress”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen effects on ADM and grain yield varied with water conditions.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogene0
- Outcome
- ADM and GYe0
- Qualifier
- water conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of nitrogen on ADM and GY varied with the water conditions.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar and grain carbon isotope discrimination decreased as water stress increased.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing water stresse0
- Outcome
- Foliar and grain carbon isotope discriminatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar and grain carbon isotope discrimination decreased with increasing water stress”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar and grain carbon isotope discrimination decreased as nitrogen levels increased.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen levelse0
- Outcome
- Foliar and grain carbon isotope discriminatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar and grain carbon isotope discrimination decreased with increasing water stress and increasing nitrogen levels.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Across water conditions, carbon isotope discrimination and yield had significant positive relationships.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- various growth stagese0
- Outcome
- yields (ADM and GY)e0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- carbon isotope discrimination (foliar and grain)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all water conditions, relationships between carbon isotope discrimination (foliar and grain) and yields (ADM and GY) were significantly positive (P < 0.001) at various growth stages.”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under well-watered conditions, ADM and GY correlated negatively with foliar and grain carbon isotope discrimination.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- well-watered conditionse0
- Outcome
- ADM and GYe0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- foliar and grain carbon isotope discriminatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under well-watered conditions, ADM and GY were strongly and negatively correlated with foliar and grain carbon isotope discrimination at all growth stages (P < 0.001).”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At moderate water level, yield–carbon isotope discrimination correlations were inconsistent and nonsignificant.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate water levele0
- Outcome
- correlationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The correlations were inconsistent and not significant at moderate water level”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, yield–carbon isotope discrimination correlations were positive.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- correlationse1
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but were positive under drought.”
e1“The correlations were inconsistent and not significant at moderate water level”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water and nitrogen significantly affected the relationships between yield and carbon isotope discrimination.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- water and nitrogene0
- Outcome
- relationships between yield and carbon isotope discriminatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water and nitrogen both significantly affected the relationships between yield and carbon isotope discrimination of spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Future work on wheat yield and isotope discrimination should account for water and fertilizer.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- water and fertilizer must thus be considered in future researche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“environmental conditions such as water and fertilizer must thus be considered in future research on the relationship between yield and carbon isotope discrimination of spring wheat.”