Abstract
ABSTRACT Gray leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis, causes considerable yield losses in hybrid maize grown in the north-central United States and elsewhere. Nonchemical management tactics have not adequately prevented these losses. The probability of profitably using fungicide application as a management tool for gray leaf spot was evaluated in 10 field experiments under conditions of natural inoculum in Iowa. Gray leaf spot severity in untreated control plots ranged from 2.6 to 72.8% for the ear leaf and from 3.0 to 7.7 (1 to 9 scale) for whole-plot ratings. In each experiment, fungicide applications with propiconazole or mancozeb significantly reduced gray leaf spot severity. Fungicide treatment significantly (P </= 0.05) increased yield by as much as 1.65 t/ha with a single propiconazole application. There were significant (P < 0.05) correlations between gray leaf spot severity and yield. We used a Bayesian inference method to calculate for each experiment the probability of achieving a positive net return with one or two propiconazole applications, based on the mean yields and standard deviations for treated and untreated plots, the price of grain, and the costs of the fungicide applications. For one application, the probability ranged from approximately 0.06 to more than 0.99, and exceeded 0.50 in six of nine scenarios (specific experiment/hybrid). The highest probabilities occurred in the 1995 experiments with the most susceptible hybrid. Probabilities were almost always higher for a single application of propiconazole than for two applications. These results indicate that a single application of propiconazole frequently can be profitable for gray leaf spot management in Iowa, but the probability of a profitable application is strongly influenced by hybrid susceptibility. The calculation of probabilities for positive net returns was more informative than mean separation in terms of assessing the economic success of the fungicide applications.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
In untreated control plots, gray leaf spot severity on the ear leaf ranged from 2.6 to 72.8% in maize.
- Interactor
- Cercospora zeae-maydis
Cercospora zeae-maydise0pathogen - Outcome
- Gray leaf spot severitye1
- Value
- 2.6 to 72.8%e1
- Qualifier
- for the ear leafe1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“Gray leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis, causes considerable yield losses in hybrid maize”
e1“Gray leaf spot severity in untreated control plots ranged from 2.6 to 72.8% for the ear leaf and from 3.0 to 7.7 (1 to 9 scale) for whole-plot ratings”
Claim · model-written summary
In untreated control plots, whole-plot gray leaf spot ratings ranged from 3.0 to 7.7 on a 1 to 9 scale in maize.
- Interactor
- Cercospora zeae-maydisCercospora zeae-maydise0pathogen
- Outcome
- whole-plot ratingse1
- Value
- 3.0 to 7.7 (1 to 9 scale)e1
- Qualifier
- untreated control plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“Gray leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis, causes considerable yield losses in hybrid maize”
e1“Gray leaf spot severity in untreated control plots ranged from 2.6 to 72.8% for the ear leaf and from 3.0 to 7.7 (1 to 9 scale) for whole-plot ratings”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide applications with propiconazole or mancozeb significantly reduced gray leaf spot severity in maize in Iowa field experiments.
- Treatment
- fungicide applications with propiconazole or mancozebe0
- Interactor
- Cercospora zeae-maydisCercospora zeae-maydise3pathogen
- Outcome
- gray leaf spot severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- untreated control plotse1
- Setting
- Iowae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“fungicide applications with propiconazole or mancozeb significantly reduced gray leaf spot severity”
e1“Gray leaf spot severity in untreated control plots ranged from 2.6 to 72.8% for the ear leaf”
e2“was evaluated in 10 field experiments under conditions of natural inoculum in Iowa”
e3“Gray leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis, causes considerable yield losses in hybrid maize”
Claim · model-written summary
A single propiconazole application increased maize yield by as much as 1.65 t/ha, significantly.
- Treatment
- single propiconazole applicatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.65 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- by as much ase0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“Fungicide treatment significantly (P </= 0.05) increased yield by as much as 1.65 t/ha with a single propiconazole application”
Claim · model-written summary
Gray leaf spot severity was significantly correlated with maize yield; the direction of the correlation is not stated.
- Interactor
- Cercospora zeae-maydisCercospora zeae-maydise0pathogen
- Outcome
- yielde1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“Gray leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis, causes considerable yield losses in hybrid maize”
e1“There were significant (P < 0.05) correlations between gray leaf spot severity and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
For one propiconazole application, the probability of a positive net return ranged from about 0.06 to more than 0.99 in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“For one application, the probability ranged from approximately 0.06 to more than 0.99, and exceeded 0.50 in six of nine scenarios”
Claim · model-written summary
The probability of a positive net return exceeded 0.50 in six of nine maize fungicide scenarios.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“For one application, the probability ranged from approximately 0.06 to more than 0.99, and exceeded 0.50 in six of nine scenarios”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest probabilities of profitable fungicide use occurred in the 1995 experiments with the most susceptible maize hybrid.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“The highest probabilities occurred in the 1995 experiments with the most susceptible hybrid”
Claim · model-written summary
A single propiconazole application gave higher probabilities of profitable net return than two applications in maize, almost always.
- Treatment
- single application of propiconazolee0
- Outcome
- Probabilitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- almost alwayse0
- Comparator
- two applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“Probabilities were almost always higher for a single application of propiconazole than for two applications”
Claim · model-written summary
A single propiconazole application frequently can be profitable for gray leaf spot management in maize in Iowa.
- Treatment
- a single application of propiconazolee0
- Outcome
- profitable for gray leaf spot managemente0
- Qualifier
- frequentlye0
- Setting
- Iowae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“a single application of propiconazole frequently can be profitable for gray leaf spot management in Iowa”
Claim · model-written summary
The probability of a profitable fungicide application is strongly influenced by hybrid susceptibility; the direction is not stated.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“the probability of a profitable application is strongly influenced by hybrid susceptibility”
Claim · model-written summary
Calculating probabilities of positive net return was more informative than mean separation for assessing the economic success of fungicide applications in maize.
- Outcome
- assessing the economic success of the fungicide applicationse0
- Direction
- more informativee0
- Comparator
- mean separatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Probabilities for Profitable Fungicide Use Against Gray Leaf Spot in Hybrid Maize”
e0“The calculation of probabilities for positive net returns was more informative than mean separation in terms of assessing the economic success of the fungicide applications”
The same questions in other papers
propiconazole · Cercospora zeae-maydis · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
propiconazole · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
9 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →fungicide · Cercospora zeae-maydis · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.