Abstract
Abstract Studies were conducted to identify the common phytophagous insects that feed on Typha spp. (cattails) in Minnesota and to quantify the extent of insect herbivory in natural stands. Six lepidopterans and two aphids were noted to feed on Typha shoots. The most common herbivorous insect in natural stands was the miner-borer Archanara oblonga Grt. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The noctuid Bellura obliqua Walk, was the most common miner-borer in newly planted cultivated stands. Nineteen Typha stands were sampled in midsummer to quantify the extent of insect herbivory. Overall, about 15 percent of shoots showed some evidence of insect herbivory. Eight percent of damaged shoots had damage to upper leaves attributable to lepidopteran miner-borers (chiefly A. oblonga). Five percent of shoots had stem damage. Less than one percent of shoots were damaged by leaf-chewing insects. Typha latifolia stands were more heavily infested than those of T. angustifolia or T. glauca. Stands located in southern Minnesota were much more heavily infested than those in northeastern Minnesota. Water depth and shoot nitrogen content did not have a significant effect on infestation rate. The majority of infested shoots suffered minor damage (i.e., <20% reduction in leaf area). Much of the damage caused by lepidopteran miner-borers was indirect. Although natural Typha stands and small cultivated plots are occasionally susceptible to heavy infestations of phytophagous insects, it seems unlikely that insect pests would hamper Typha bio-energy production in Minnesota.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Six lepidopterans and two aphids were observed feeding on Typha shoots.
- Interactor
- lepidopteranse0herbivore
- Second interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0herbivore
- Outcome
- feed on Typha shootse0
- Value
- Six lepidopterans and two aphidse0
TyphaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six lepidopterans and two aphids were noted to feed on Typha shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Archanara oblonga was the most common herbivorous insect in natural Typha stands.
- Interactor
- Archanara oblonga Grt.
Capsula oblongae0herbivore - Outcome
- most common herbivorous insecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most common herbivorous insect in natural stands was the miner-borer Archanara oblonga Grt. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bellura obliqua was the most common miner-borer in newly planted cultivated Typha stands.
- Interactor
- Bellura obliqua Walk
Bellura obliquae0herbivore - Outcome
- most common miner-borere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The noctuid Bellura obliqua Walk, was the most common miner-borer in newly planted cultivated stands.”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
About 15 percent of Typha shoots showed insect herbivory evidence.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, about 15 percent of shoots showed some evidence of insect herbivory.”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight percent of damaged shoots had upper-leaf damage attributable chiefly to Archanara oblonga.
- Interactor
- A. oblongaCapsula oblongae0herbivore
- Outcome
- damaged shoots had damage to upper leavese0
- Value
- Eight percente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eight percent of damaged shoots had damage to upper leaves attributable to lepidopteran miner-borers (chiefly A. oblonga).”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Five percent of Typha shoots had stem damage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five percent of shoots had stem damage.”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Less than one percent of Typha shoots were damaged by leaf-chewing insects.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Less than one percent of shoots were damaged by leaf-chewing insects.”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Typha latifolia stands were more heavily infested than T. angustifolia or T. glauca stands.
- Taxon
- Typha latifolia
Typha latifoliae0 - Material
- Typha latifoliae0
- Outcome
- infestede0
- Direction
- more heavilye0
- Comparator
- T. angustifolia or T. glaucae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Typha latifolia stands were more heavily infested than those of T. angustifolia or T. glauca.”
Claim · model-written summary
Southern Minnesota Typha stands were more heavily infested than northeastern Minnesota stands.
- Outcome
- infestede0
- Direction
- more heavilye0
- Comparator
- northeastern Minnesotae0
- Setting
- southern Minnesotae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands located in southern Minnesota were much more heavily infested than those in northeastern Minnesota.”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water depth had no significant effect on Typha infestation rate.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water depth and shoot nitrogen content did not have a significant effect on infestation rate.”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot nitrogen content had no significant effect on Typha infestation rate.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water depth and shoot nitrogen content did not have a significant effect on infestation rate.”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most infested Typha shoots had under 20% leaf-area reduction.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The majority of infested shoots suffered minor damage (i.e., <20% reduction in leaf area).”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Much damage from lepidopteran miner-borers in Typha was indirect.
- Interactor
- lepidopteran miner-borerse0herbivore
- Outcome
- damage caused by lepidopteran miner-borers was indirecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Much of the damage caused by lepidopteran miner-borers was indirect.”
e1“Typha spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered insect pests unlikely to hamper Minnesota Typha bio-energy production.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it seems unlikely that insect pests would hamper Typha bio-energy production in Minnesota.”