Abstract
Abstract The increasing use of no‐till crop production with urea based N fertilizers in the Northeast makes it imperative that we obtain a more quantitative understanding of both the magnitude of apparent NH 3 losses from nonincorporated urea fertilizers in the field and of the factors that contribute to those losses. A 4‐year field study was conducted on a Murrill silt loam (Typic Hapludult) to compare the yields and N uptake by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates of broadcast, unincorporated N (0 to 202 kg/ha) as NH 4 NO 3 , urea, urea‐NH 4 NO 3 solution (UAN), or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The effects of these sources on the soil pH of the 0 to 2.5 cm and 0 to 17 cm layers and on the lime requirement (LR) in the 0 to 17 cm layer were also measured. In 2 of the 4 years, either urea, UAN, or both produced signifcantly lower yields and N uptake than the non‐urea sources at the higher (101 and 202 kg/ha) N rates. Apparent N volatilization losses ranged from 0 to 35%. Comparing the results from this experiment with those from other field experiments reported in the literature where the effect of rainfall after N application on apparent N volatilization losses could be measured showed that the following observations applied to all: (1) there was insignificant NH 3 , volatilization loss from unincorporated urea fertilizers if at least 10 mm of rain fell within 48 hours after fertilizer application; (2) if 10 mm or more rain fell 3 days after the urea was applied, volatilization losses were slight (<10%); (3) if 3 to 5 mm of rain fell within 5 days, or 7 to 9 mm within 9 days, volatilization losses could be moderate (10 to 30%); and (4) if no rain fell within 6 days, the loss could be substantial (>30%). The pH in the surface 2.5 cm of soil in the plots receiving 202 kg/ha/year of N as NH 4 NO 3 urea, or UAN for 5 years was approximately 5.7 or one unit below that in the check. In the plots receiving this rate of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , the soil pH in the 0 to 2.5 cm layer was 4.7. As expected, the 101 kg N/ha/year rate produced half was much lowering of pH as the 202 kg/ha rate. Lime requirement measurements in the surface 17 cm of soil receiving 202 kg N/ha/year for 5 years indicated that approximately 67% of the acidity theoretically produced in the nitrification of NH 4 + remained to be neutralized with the less acidifying sources (NH 4 O 3 , urea, and UAN) and that approximately 100% of that from (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 required neutralization.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
In 2 of the 4 years urea, UAN or both gave significantly lower yields and N uptake than non-urea sources at the higher N rates.
- Treatment
- urea, UAN, or bothe1
- Outcome
- yields and N uptakee1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- In 2 of the 4 yearse1
- Comparator
- non‐urea sourcese1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates”
e1“In 2 of the 4 years, either urea, UAN, or both produced signifcantly lower yields and N uptake than the non‐urea sources at the higher (101 and 202 kg/ha) N rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent N volatilization losses from broadcast unincorporated N ranged from 0 to 35%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates”
e1“Apparent N volatilization losses ranged from 0 to 35%”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatilization from unincorporated urea was insignificant if at least 10 mm of rain fell within 48 hours after application.
- Treatment
- unincorporated urea fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- volatilization losse1
- Qualifier
- if at least 10 mm of rain fell within 48 hours after fertilizer applicatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates”
e1“there was insignificant NH 3 , volatilization loss from unincorporated urea fertilizers if at least 10 mm of rain fell within 48 hours after fertilizer application”
Claim · model-written summary
If 10 mm or more of rain fell 3 days after urea application, volatilization losses were slight (<10%).
- Outcome
- volatilization lossese1
- Value
- <10%e1
- Qualifier
- if 10 mm or more rain fell 3 days after the urea was appliede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates”
e1“if 10 mm or more rain fell 3 days after the urea was applied, volatilization losses were slight (<10%)”
Claim · model-written summary
If 3 to 5 mm of rain fell within 5 days, or 7 to 9 mm within 9 days, volatilization losses could be moderate (10 to 30%).
- Outcome
- volatilization lossese1
- Value
- 10 to 30%e1
- Qualifier
- if 3 to 5 mm of rain fell within 5 days, or 7 to 9 mm within 9 dayse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates”
e1“if 3 to 5 mm of rain fell within 5 days, or 7 to 9 mm within 9 days, volatilization losses could be moderate (10 to 30%)”
Claim · model-written summary
If no rain fell within 6 days, the loss could be substantial (>30%).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates”
e1“if no rain fell within 6 days, the loss could be substantial (>30%)”
Claim · model-written summary
With (NH4)2SO4 at 202 kg N/ha/year the surface 0 to 2.5 cm soil pH was 4.7.
- Outcome
- soil pH in the 0 to 2.5 cm layere1
- Value
- 4.7e1
- Qualifier
- In the plots receiving this rate of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates”
e1“In the plots receiving this rate of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , the soil pH in the 0 to 2.5 cm layer was 4.7”
Claim · model-written summary
The 101 kg N/ha/year rate lowered soil pH about half as much as the 202 kg/ha rate.
- Treatment
- 101 kg N/ha/yeare1
- Outcome
- lowering of pHe1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- halfe1
- Comparator
- 202 kg/ha ratee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates”
e1“As expected, the 101 kg N/ha/year rate produced half was much lowering of pH as the 202 kg/ha rate”
Claim · model-written summary
About 67% of the acidity from nitrification of NH4+ at 202 kg N/ha/year for 5 years remained to be neutralized with the less acidifying sources.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates”
e1“Lime requirement measurements in the surface 17 cm of soil receiving 202 kg N/ha/year for 5 years indicated that approximately 67% of the acidity theoretically produced in the nitrification of NH 4 + remained to be neutralized with the less acidifying sources”
Claim · model-written summary
About 100% of the acidity from (NH4)2SO4 at 202 kg N/ha/year required neutralization.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.) receiving five rates”
e1“approximately 100% of that from (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 required neutralization”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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