Abstract
Alisma lanceolatum (Alisma) is becoming a problem weed in NSW rice crops because it is invasive and tolerant of currently used herbicides. Darnasonium minus (starfruit), a widespread native, is a serious competitive weed in rice. The endemic fungus Rhynchosporiurn alismatis, which causes necrotic lesions on leaves and scapes of Alisma and starfruit, is being studied for potential development as a biological control agent for these weeds. Spray application of a conidial suspension to Alisma seedlings in the field at the 2-3 leaf stage, in 2 seasons, resulted in significant suppression of plant growth and markedly retarded development. Lesions developed on emergent leaves and caused premature death. In 1993 assessment of treatments 53 days after inoculation showed that although total leaf number per plant was reduced by 20%, total leaf dry weight was reduced by 34%, and root dry weight by 32%. Inflorescence development was also markedly reduced in both years; inflorescence number was reduced by an average of 77% in 1992-93 and by 52% in 1993-94. In 1994, inoculation reduced the dry weight of healthy leaves at 63 days after treatment by 49%, although root dry weight was not significantly reduced. Competition from a developing rice crop would be expected to reduce plant size and vigour further. Inoculation of glasshouse-grown starfruit seedlings produced similar trends. Spray-inoculation of seedlings 33 days after sowing resulted in 45% reduction in total plant biomass (dry weight, measured 64 days after inoculation) compared with 19 and 25% reduction in biomass in seedlings sprayed 23 and 50 days, respectively, after sowing. Inoculation of starfruit seedlings in the field significantly reduced biomass production by 21% and increased 6-fold the number of necrotic inflorescences. These experiments indicate that R. alismatis has potential for development as a mycoherbicide and a possible role in integrated control of these weeds.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal inoculation significantly suppressed Alisma growth and development.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatum
Alisma lanceolatumt0 - Treatment
- Spray application of a conidial suspensione0
- Outcome
- plant growth and markedly retarded developmente0
- Direction
- suppressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spray application of a conidial suspension to Alisma seedlings in the field at the 2-3 leaf stage, in 2 seasons, resulted in significant suppression of plant growth and markedly retarded development”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Lesions developed and caused premature death after inoculation.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatumAlisma lanceolatumt0
- Outcome
- Lesions developed on emergent leaves and caused premature deathe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lesions developed on emergent leaves and caused premature death”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Alisma leaf number fell 20%.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatumAlisma lanceolatumt0
- Outcome
- total leaf number per plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total leaf number per plant was reduced by 20%”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Alisma leaf dry weight fell 34%.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatumAlisma lanceolatumt0
- Outcome
- total leaf dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 34%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total leaf dry weight was reduced by 34%”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Alisma root dry weight fell 32%.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatumAlisma lanceolatumt0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 32%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root dry weight by 32%”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Alisma inflorescence development was markedly reduced.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatumAlisma lanceolatumt0
- Outcome
- Inflorescence developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inflorescence development was also markedly reduced in both years”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Alisma inflorescence number fell 77% in 1992-93.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatumAlisma lanceolatumt0
- Outcome
- inflorescence numbere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 77%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inflorescence number was reduced by an average of 77% in 1992-93”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Alisma inflorescence number fell 52% in 1993-94.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatumAlisma lanceolatumt0
- Outcome
- 52%e0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 52%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and by 52% in 1993-94”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation reduced healthy leaf dry weight by 49% in 1994.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatumAlisma lanceolatumt0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- dry weight of healthy leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 49%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation reduced the dry weight of healthy leaves at 63 days after treatment by 49%”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Root dry weight was not significantly reduced in 1994.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatumAlisma lanceolatumt0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- not significantly reducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root dry weight was not significantly reduced”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Starfruit biomass fell 45% for inoculation at 33 days.
- Taxon
- Damasonium minus
Damasonium minust0 - Treatment
- Spray-inoculation of seedlings 33 days after sowinge0
- Outcome
- total plant biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spray-inoculation of seedlings 33 days after sowing resulted in 45% reduction in total plant biomass”
t0“Damasonium minus”
Claim · model-written summary
Starfruit biomass fell 19% for inoculation at 23 days.
- Taxon
- Damasonium minusDamasonium minust0
- Treatment
- seedlings sprayed 23e0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 19e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“19 and 25% reduction in biomass in seedlings sprayed 23 and 50 days, respectively, after sowing”
t0“Damasonium minus”
Claim · model-written summary
Starfruit biomass fell 25% for inoculation at 50 days.
- Taxon
- Damasonium minusDamasonium minust0
- Treatment
- seedlings sprayed 23 and 50 dayse0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“25% reduction in biomass in seedlings sprayed 23 and 50 days, respectively, after sowing”
t0“Damasonium minus”
Claim · model-written summary
Field inoculation reduced starfruit biomass 21%.
- Taxon
- Damasonium minusDamasonium minust0
- Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 21%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of starfruit seedlings in the field significantly reduced biomass production by 21%”
t0“Damasonium minus”
Claim · model-written summary
Field inoculation increased necrotic inflorescences sixfold.
- Taxon
- Damasonium minusDamasonium minust0
- Outcome
- number of necrotic inflorescencese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6-folde0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased 6-fold the number of necrotic inflorescences”
t0“Damasonium minus”
Claim · model-written summary
R. alismatis has potential as a mycoherbicide.
- Taxon
- Alisma lanceolatum and Damasonium minusAlisma lanceolatumDamasonium minust0
- Outcome
- development as a mycoherbicide and a possible role in integrated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. alismatis has potential for development as a mycoherbicide and a possible role in integrated control of these weeds”
t0“Alisma lanceolatum and Damasonium minus”