Abstract
Citrus leprosis virus is characterised by bullet-shaped particles occurring in the nucleus (CiLV-N) or cytoplasm (CiLV-C) of infected plant cells. Ongoing molecular and cytopathological studies suggest that CiLV-N and CiLV-C are in fact two different viruses, with CiLV-C being the most commonly associated with the disease (Rodrigues et al., 2003). Both viruses are vectored by mites belonging to the genus Brevipalpus. During a survey in Honduras in 2003, leprosis disease symptoms were observed in the municipality of Siguatepeque, near La Esperanza (N 14 37 12 / W 87 54 20). Symptoms were conspicuous, with old plants showing dieback and strong defoliation. On a scale of severity (Rodrigues, 2002), these plants reached the highest level; suggesting that the disease had arrived in the area several years earlier. Symptoms were also observed at a second site in the Department of Comayagua, about 45 km east of La Esperanza. At both sites, symptoms were observed in sweet orange cvs Valencia and Navel, but not in Rangpur lime or grapefruit plants growing in the same area. Both of these latter hosts are not susceptible to citrus leprosis, and the absence of symptoms in these plants reinforces the diagnosis of CiLV in orange (Rodrigues et al., 2003). All plants with symptoms were found in backyards. The disease was detected at a third site, Lago de Yojoa (N 14 47 51 / W 87 54 20) and was initially thought to have been eliminated. However, trees with leprosis symptoms were refound in the area and all citrus plants were subsequently eliminated from the site. Additional inspections were conducted by Pronavif personnel at 206 sites, located in the major citrus industry regions of El Progresso and La Ceiba, but no symptoms of the disease were found. Tissue from leaves with symptoms was fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde and ultra thin sections were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at two microscopy facilities (Univs. of Florida and São Paulo). Tenuipalpid mites also were collected, fixed in 70% ethanol for identification by morphology, and in 90% ethanol for identification by molecular analysis (Rodrigues et al., 2004). Care was taken to avoid carrying out any living material from the inspected sites. Using TEM, particles typical of CiLV-C were observed in diseased samples from all positive sites: CiLV-N was not detected in any of the samples. The tenuipalpid mites found in association with the infected sweet orange trees were morphologically identified as B. phoenicis. This identification was confirmed by mitochondrial DNA analysis. Before 2001, this devastating citrus disease had not been reported outside of South America; it has since been detected in Central America (Dominguez et al., 2001). While symptoms of leprosis disease have been previously reported (E. Ayers, personal communication), the causal agent had never been confirmed. This is the first confirmed report of CiLV-C in Honduras. The authors would like to thank to Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) for supporting this work.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Leprosis symptoms were observed near La Esperanza in Siguatepeque in 2003.
- Taxon
- sweet orange
Citrus sinensise1 - Outcome
- leprosis disease symptomse0
- Setting
- municipality of Siguatepeque, near La Esperanzae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During a survey in Honduras in 2003, leprosis disease symptoms were observed in the municipality of Siguatepeque, near La Esperanza (N 14 37 12 / W 87 54 20).”
e1“At both sites, symptoms were observed in sweet orange cvs Valencia and Navel”
Claim · model-written summary
Old affected sweet orange plants showed dieback, strong defoliation and the highest severity level.
- Taxon
- sweet orangeCitrus sinensise1
- Outcome
- dieback and strong defoliatione0
- Qualifier
- highest levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptoms were conspicuous, with old plants showing dieback and strong defoliation. On a scale of severity (Rodrigues, 2002), these plants reached the highest level”
e1“At both sites, symptoms were observed in sweet orange cvs Valencia and Navel”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest symptom severity suggested that leprosis had arrived several years earlier.
- Taxon
- sweet orangeCitrus sinensise1
- Outcome
- the disease had arrived in the area several years earliere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these plants reached the highest level; suggesting that the disease had arrived in the area several years earlier.”
e1“At both sites, symptoms were observed in sweet orange cvs Valencia and Navel”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptoms also occurred at a second Comayagua site about 45 km east of La Esperanza.
- Taxon
- sweet orangeCitrus sinensise1
- Outcome
- Symptomse0
- Setting
- Department of Comayaguae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptoms were also observed at a second site in the Department of Comayagua, about 45 km east of La Esperanza.”
e1“At both sites, symptoms were observed in sweet orange cvs Valencia and Navel”
Claim · model-written summary
Valencia sweet orange had symptoms at both sites.
- Taxon
- sweet orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Material
- Valenciae0
- Outcome
- symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At both sites, symptoms were observed in sweet orange cvs Valencia and Navel, but not in Rangpur lime or grapefruit plants growing in the same area.”
Claim · model-written summary
Navel sweet orange had symptoms at both sites.
- Taxon
- sweet orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Material
- Navele0
- Outcome
- symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At both sites, symptoms were observed in sweet orange cvs Valencia and Navel, but not in Rangpur lime or grapefruit plants growing in the same area.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rangpur lime had no symptoms in the same area.
- Taxon
- Rangpur lime
Citrus limoniae0 - Outcome
- symptomse0
- Qualifier
- but note0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At both sites, symptoms were observed in sweet orange cvs Valencia and Navel, but not in Rangpur lime or grapefruit plants growing in the same area.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grapefruit had no symptoms in the same area.
- Taxon
- grapefruit
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=60)
Citrus ×paradisie0 - Outcome
- symptomse0
- Qualifier
- but note0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“At both sites, symptoms were observed in sweet orange cvs Valencia and Navel, but not in Rangpur lime or grapefruit plants growing in the same area.”
Claim · model-written summary
All symptomatic plants were in backyards.
- Taxon
- sweet orangeCitrus sinensise1
- Outcome
- plants with symptomse0
- Setting
- backyardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All plants with symptoms were found in backyards.”
e1“At both sites, symptoms were observed in sweet orange cvs Valencia and Navel”
Claim · model-written summary
Leprosis was detected at Lago de Yojoa and symptomatic trees were found again after presumed elimination.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The disease was detected at a third site, Lago de Yojoa (N 14 47 51 / W 87 54 20) and was initially thought to have been eliminated. However, trees with leprosis symptoms were refound in the area and all citrus plants were subsequently eliminated from the site.”
Claim · model-written summary
All citrus plants were subsequently eliminated at the third site.
- Outcome
- plants were subsequently eliminatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all citrus plants were subsequently eliminated from the site.”
Claim · model-written summary
No leprosis symptoms were found during inspections at 206 sites in El Progresso and La Ceiba citrus regions.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additional inspections were conducted by Pronavif personnel at 206 sites, located in the major citrus industry regions of El Progresso and La Ceiba, but no symptoms of the disease were found.”
Claim · model-written summary
TEM detected CiLV-C particles in diseased samples from every positive site.
- Taxon
- CiLV-CCitrus leprosis virus Ce0
- Outcome
- particles typical of CiLV-C were observede0
- Qualifier
- all positive sitese0
Verbatim
e0“Using TEM, particles typical of CiLV-C were observed in diseased samples from all positive sites: CiLV-N was not detected in any of the samples.”
Claim · model-written summary
CiLV-N was not detected in any sample.
Verbatim
e0“CiLV-N was not detected in any of the samples.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mites associated with infected sweet orange were identified as B. phoenicis by morphology and mitochondrial DNA.
- Taxon
- B. phoenicis
Brevipalpus phoenicise0 - Interactor
- sweet orangeCitrus sinensise0host
- Outcome
- identified as B. phoenicise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tenuipalpid mites found in association with the infected sweet orange trees were morphologically identified as B. phoenicis. This identification was confirmed by mitochondrial DNA analysis.”
Claim · model-written summary
This is the first confirmed CiLV-C report in Honduras.
- Taxon
- CiLV-CCitrus leprosis virus Ce0
- Outcome
- first confirmed reporte0
- Setting
- Hondurase0
Verbatim
e0“This is the first confirmed report of CiLV-C in Honduras.”