Abstract
Barnyardgrass was grown at densities of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and more than 50 plants m−1 of tomato crop row in either a regular, random, or clumped pattern. Tomato was established at 0, 5, 10, or 20 plants m−1 of crop row in a regular pattern. Crop density and weed density or spatial arrangement had little effect on phenological development of barnyardgrass. In the absence of tomato, barnyardgrass was estimated to produce over 400,000 seeds plant−1 when not subjected to intraspecific competition (0.25 plants m−1 density), decreasing to about 10,000 seeds plant−1 when weed density exceeded 50 plants m−1 of row. Differences in seed production between plants in the regular and random spatial arrangements were minor, but the clumped distribution resulted in 30 to 50% reduction in seed production at weed densities between 1 and 5 plants m−1 of row. Tomato reduced barnyardgrass seed production. The magnitude of the reduction depended on both tomato density and barnyardgrass density. In the absence of tomato, barnyardgrass produced over 200,000 seeds m−2 in 1993 and over 500,000 seeds m−2 in 1994 at 5 plants m−1 of row. Production was almost 700,000 seeds m−2 when the weed density exceeded 50 plants m−1 of row. Barnyardgrass seed production at the single-season economic threshold density in tomato was sufficient to maintain the seedbank at a level that would mandate high levels of weed control in subsequent crops. Because of the high fecundity of barnyardgrass, our experiments suggest that stopping seed production is the best long-term management strategy for the weed. Spatial arrangement of the weed, at the scale used in these studies, would not be a factor in establishing long-term management guidelines based on weed population biology.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato reduced barnyardgrass seed production.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Tomatoe0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrass
Echinochloa crus-gallie0weed - Outcome
- barnyardgrass seed productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“competition between barnyardgrass and tomato”
e0“Tomato reduced barnyardgrass seed production”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction in barnyardgrass seed production depended on both tomato density and barnyardgrass density.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- tomato densitye1
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie1weed
- Outcome
- magnitude of the reductione1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“competition between barnyardgrass and tomato”
e1“The magnitude of the reduction depended on both tomato density and barnyardgrass density”
Claim · model-written summary
In the absence of tomato, barnyardgrass produced over 200,000 seeds m−2 in 1993.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie2weed
- Outcome
- barnyardgrass producede2
- Value
- over 200,000 seeds m−2 in 1993e2
- Qualifier
- In the absence of tomatoe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“competition between barnyardgrass and tomato”
e2“In the absence of tomato, barnyardgrass produced over 200,000 seeds m−2 in 1993 and over 500,000 seeds m−2 in 1994 at 5 plants m−1 of row”
Claim · model-written summary
In the absence of tomato, barnyardgrass produced over 500,000 seeds m−2 in 1994.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie2weed
- Outcome
- barnyardgrass producede2
- Value
- over 500,000 seeds m−2 in 1994e2
- Qualifier
- In the absence of tomatoe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“competition between barnyardgrass and tomato”
e2“In the absence of tomato, barnyardgrass produced over 200,000 seeds m−2 in 1993 and over 500,000 seeds m−2 in 1994 at 5 plants m−1 of row”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed production was almost 700,000 seeds m−2 when the weed density exceeded 50 plants m−1 of row.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Productione3
- Value
- almost 700,000 seeds m−2e3
- Qualifier
- when the weed density exceeded 50 plants m−1 of rowe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“competition between barnyardgrass and tomato”
e3“Production was almost 700,000 seeds m−2 when the weed density exceeded 50 plants m−1 of row”
Claim · model-written summary
The clumped spatial distribution reduced weed seed production by 30 to 50% at weed densities of 1 to 5 plants m−1 of row, compared with regular and random arrangements.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- clumped distributione4
- Outcome
- seed productione4
- Direction
- reductione4
- Value
- 30 to 50%e4
- Comparator
- regular and random spatial arrangementse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“competition between barnyardgrass and tomato”
e4“the clumped distribution resulted in 30 to 50% reduction in seed production at weed densities between 1 and 5 plants m−1 of row”
e5“Differences in seed production between plants in the regular and random spatial arrangements were minor”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed production differed only minorly between regular and random spatial arrangements.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- randome5
- Outcome
- seed productione5
- Direction
- minore5
- Comparator
- regulare5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“competition between barnyardgrass and tomato”
e5“Differences in seed production between plants in the regular and random spatial arrangements were minor”
Claim · model-written summary
Barnyardgrass seed production at the single-season economic threshold density in tomato was sufficient to maintain the seedbank at a level requiring high weed control in later crops.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- BarnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie6weed
- Outcome
- seedbanke6
- Qualifier
- at the single-season economic threshold density in tomatoe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“competition between barnyardgrass and tomato”
e6“Barnyardgrass seed production at the single-season economic threshold density in tomato was sufficient to maintain the seedbank at a level that would mandate high levels of weed control in subsequent crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Stopping seed production is the best long-term management strategy for the weed.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- stopping seed productione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“competition between barnyardgrass and tomato”
e7“stopping seed production is the best long-term management strategy for the weed”