Abstract
Abstract The present paper deals with the effect of the biocide GCSC‐BtA on population dynamics of cabbage pests, i. e., Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hom., Aphididae), Liriomyza sativae Blanch. (Dip., Agromyzidae), Phyllotreta vittata Fabric. (Col., Chrysomelidae) and their natural enemies, i. e., Apanteles plutellae Kurdj. (Hym., Braconidae), Erigonidium graminicola (Sundv.) (Araneida, Linyphiidae), Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae), in common head cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata ) fields in the southeastern China. The experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, PR China in April – June, 2001. The results showed that, at the end of sampling, the pest populations of P. xylostella, B. brassicae and P. vittata reached averages of 39.7, 68.3 and 6.2 ind. / 30 plants in the plot treated with GCSC‐BtA, which were about 1.5, 11 and 0.7 times lower than those treated with methomyl, respectively. In contrast, the natural enemy populations were, on average, 23.5 ind./30 plants for A. plutellae , 24.6 ind./30 plants for E. graminicol and 12.2 ind./30 plants for C. septempunctata in the plot treated with GCSC‐BtA, about 6, 5 and 3 times higher than for those treated with methomyl, respectively. The GCSC‐BtA biocide demonstrated greater effectiveness in controlling the cabbage pests, e. g., P. xylostella, B. brassicae and P. vittata , having final decreasing ratios of 83.60, 97.05 and 53.67 % compared to 57.63, 64.89 and 30.88 % with the methomyl insecticide. However, it was less toxic to natural enemies, e. g., A. plutellae, E. graminicola and C. septempunctata , final decreasing ratios being 47.68, 17.84, 27.81 %, than methomyl, with 90.94, 80.80, 74.55 %, in comparison to the populations in the control plots, respectively. So, because of the low toxicity of GCSC‐BtA to the natural enemies, it is recommended that, on one hand, its application should be carried out after mass migration of the pests to the fields, on the other hand, the alternative agent GCSC‐BtA should be used with the aim of minimizing the harmfulness to the natural enemies in the whole program of integrated pest management in cabbage fields.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Final P. xylostella populations in cabbage plots treated with GCSC-BtA averaged 39.7, lower than in methomyl-treated plots (about 1.5 times lower).
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae1 - Treatment
- GCSC‐BtAe0
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- pest populationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 39.7e0
- Qualifier
- 1.5e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pest populations of P. xylostella, B. brassicae and P. vittata reached averages of 39.7, 68.3 and 6.2 ind. / 30 plants in the plot treated with GCSC‐BtA, which were about 1.5, 11 and 0.7 times lower than those treated with methomyl”
e1“common head cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Final B. brassicae populations in cabbage plots treated with GCSC-BtA averaged 68.3, lower than in methomyl-treated plots (about 11 times lower).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtAe0
- Interactor
- B. brassicae
.jpg?width=60)
Brevicoryne brassicaee0pest - Outcome
- pest populationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 68.3e0
- Qualifier
- 11e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the pest populations of P. xylostella, B. brassicae and P. vittata reached averages of 39.7, 68.3 and 6.2 ind. / 30 plants in the plot treated with GCSC‐BtA, which were about 1.5, 11 and 0.7 times lower than those treated with methomyl”
e1“common head cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Final P. vittata populations in cabbage plots treated with GCSC-BtA averaged 6.2 ind. / 30 plants, lower than in methomyl-treated plots (about 0.7 times lower).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtAe0
- Interactor
- P. vittatae0pest
- Outcome
- pest populationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 6.2 ind. / 30 plantse0
- Qualifier
- 0.7e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pest populations of P. xylostella, B. brassicae and P. vittata reached averages of 39.7, 68.3 and 6.2 ind. / 30 plants in the plot treated with GCSC‐BtA, which were about 1.5, 11 and 0.7 times lower than those treated with methomyl”
e1“common head cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Final A. plutellae populations in cabbage plots treated with GCSC-BtA averaged 23.5 ind./30 plants, about 6 times higher than in methomyl-treated plots.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtAe0
- Interactor
- A. plutellaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- natural enemy populationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 23.5 ind./30 plantse0
- Qualifier
- 6e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the natural enemy populations were, on average, 23.5 ind./30 plants for A. plutellae , 24.6 ind./30 plants for E. graminicol and 12.2 ind./30 plants for C. septempunctata in the plot treated with GCSC‐BtA, about 6, 5 and 3 times higher than for those treated with methomyl”
e1“common head cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Final E. graminicol populations in cabbage plots treated with GCSC-BtA averaged 24.6 ind./30 plants, about 5 times higher than in methomyl-treated plots.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtAe0
- Interactor
- E. graminicole0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- natural enemy populationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 24.6 ind./30 plantse0
- Qualifier
- 5e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the natural enemy populations were, on average, 23.5 ind./30 plants for A. plutellae , 24.6 ind./30 plants for E. graminicol and 12.2 ind./30 plants for C. septempunctata in the plot treated with GCSC‐BtA, about 6, 5 and 3 times higher than for those treated with methomyl”
e1“common head cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Final C. septempunctata populations in cabbage plots treated with GCSC-BtA averaged 12.2 ind./30 plants, about 3 times higher than in methomyl-treated plots.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtAe0
- Interactor
- C. septempunctata
Coccinella septempunctatae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- natural enemy populationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12.2 ind./30 plantse0
- Qualifier
- 3e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the natural enemy populations were, on average, 23.5 ind./30 plants for A. plutellae , 24.6 ind./30 plants for E. graminicol and 12.2 ind./30 plants for C. septempunctata in the plot treated with GCSC‐BtA, about 6, 5 and 3 times higher than for those treated with methomyl”
e1“common head cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
GCSC-BtA gave a final decreasing ratio of 83.60 for P. xylostella in cabbage, compared with 57.63 for methomyl.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtA biocidee0
- Interactor
- P. xylostellae0pest
- Outcome
- final decreasing ratiose0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 83.60e0
- Qualifier
- 57.63e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The GCSC‐BtA biocide demonstrated greater effectiveness in controlling the cabbage pests, e. g., P. xylostella, B. brassicae and P. vittata , having final decreasing ratios of 83.60, 97.05 and 53.67 % compared to 57.63, 64.89 and 30.88 % with the methomyl insecticide”
Claim · model-written summary
GCSC-BtA gave a final decreasing ratio of 97.05 for B. brassicae in cabbage, compared with 64.89 for methomyl.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtA biocidee0
- Interactor
- B. brassicaeBrevicoryne brassicaee0pest
- Outcome
- final decreasing ratiose0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 97.05e0
- Qualifier
- 64.89e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The GCSC‐BtA biocide demonstrated greater effectiveness in controlling the cabbage pests, e. g., P. xylostella, B. brassicae and P. vittata , having final decreasing ratios of 83.60, 97.05 and 53.67 % compared to 57.63, 64.89 and 30.88 % with the methomyl insecticide”
Claim · model-written summary
GCSC-BtA gave a final decreasing ratio of 53.67 % for P. vittata in cabbage, compared with 30.88 % for methomyl.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtA biocidee0
- Interactor
- P. vittatae0pest
- Outcome
- final decreasing ratiose0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 53.67 %e0
- Qualifier
- 30.88 %e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The GCSC‐BtA biocide demonstrated greater effectiveness in controlling the cabbage pests, e. g., P. xylostella, B. brassicae and P. vittata , having final decreasing ratios of 83.60, 97.05 and 53.67 % compared to 57.63, 64.89 and 30.88 % with the methomyl insecticide”
Claim · model-written summary
GCSC-BtA was less toxic to A. plutellae than methomyl: final decreasing ratio 47.68 versus 90.94 relative to control plots.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtA biocidee2
- Interactor
- A. plutellaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- final decreasing ratiose0
- Direction
- less toxice0
- Value
- 47.68e0
- Qualifier
- 90.94e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was less toxic to natural enemies, e. g., A. plutellae, E. graminicola and C. septempunctata , final decreasing ratios being 47.68, 17.84, 27.81 %, than methomyl, with 90.94, 80.80, 74.55 %”
e1“common head cabbage”
e2“GCSC‐BtA biocide”
Claim · model-written summary
GCSC-BtA was less toxic to E. graminicola than methomyl: final decreasing ratio 17.84 versus 80.80 relative to control plots.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtA biocidee2
- Interactor
- E. graminicolae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- final decreasing ratiose0
- Direction
- less toxice0
- Value
- 17.84e0
- Qualifier
- 80.80e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was less toxic to natural enemies, e. g., A. plutellae, E. graminicola and C. septempunctata , final decreasing ratios being 47.68, 17.84, 27.81 %, than methomyl, with 90.94, 80.80, 74.55 %”
e1“common head cabbage”
e2“GCSC‐BtA biocide”
Claim · model-written summary
GCSC-BtA was less toxic to C. septempunctata than methomyl: final decreasing ratio 27.81 % versus 74.55 % relative to control plots.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- GCSC‐BtA biocidee2
- Interactor
- C. septempunctataCoccinella septempunctatae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- final decreasing ratiose0
- Direction
- less toxice0
- Value
- 27.81 %e0
- Qualifier
- 74.55 %e0
- Comparator
- methomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was less toxic to natural enemies, e. g., A. plutellae, E. graminicola and C. septempunctata , final decreasing ratios being 47.68, 17.84, 27.81 %, than methomyl, with 90.94, 80.80, 74.55 %”
e1“common head cabbage”
e2“GCSC‐BtA biocide”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend applying GCSC-BtA after mass migration of the pests to the cabbage fields.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Outcome
- application should be carried out after mass migration of the pests to the fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cabbage pests”
e0“its application should be carried out after mass migration of the pests to the fields”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend using GCSC-BtA to minimize harm to natural enemies within integrated pest management in cabbage fields.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Outcome
- minimizing the harmfulness to the natural enemiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the alternative agent GCSC‐BtA should be used with the aim of minimizing the harmfulness to the natural enemies in the whole program of integrated pest management in cabbage fields”