Abstract
Interest is growing in the potential to expand cropping into Australia’s high-rainfall zone (HRZ). Dual-purpose crops are suited to the longer growing seasons in these environments to provide both early grazing for livestock and later regrow to produce grain. Grain yield and grazing potential of wheats of four different maturity types were simulated over 50 years at 13 locations across Australia’s HRZ, and sowing date, nitrogen (N) availability and crop density effects were explored. Potential grazing days on wheat were obtained by simulating sheep grazing crops to Zadoks growth stage Z30 at 25 dry sheep equivalents (DSE)/ha. Optimal sowing dates for each maturity type at each location were matched to the flowering window during which risk of frost and heat stress was lowest. Overall, we found significant national potential for dual-purpose use of winter wheat cultivars across Australia’s HRZ, with opportunities identified in all regions. Simulated mean wheat yields exceeded 6 t/ha at most locations, with highest mean grain yields (8–10 t/ha) in southern Victoria, and lower yields (5–7 t/ha) in the south-west of Western Australia (WA) and central and northern New South Wales (NSW). Highest grazing days were from winter cultivars sown early (March–mid-April), which could provide 1700–3000 DSE-days/ha of grazing across HRZ locations; this was 2–3 times higher than could be obtained from grazing spring cultivars (200–800 DSE-days/ha). Sowing date was critical to maximise both grazing and grain yield potential from winter cultivars; each 1-week delay in sowing after 8 March reduced grazing by 200–250 DSE-days/ha and grain yield by 0.45 t/ha. However, in Mediterranean climates, a lower frequency of early sowing opportunities before mid-April (<30% of years) is likely to limit the potential to use winter cultivars. Prospects to graze shorter season spring cultivars that fit later sowing windows require further examination in south-west WA, the slopes of NSW and southern Queensland.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated mean wheat yields exceeded 6 t/ha at most locations.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- Simulated mean wheat yieldse1
- Value
- 6 t/hae1
- Qualifier
- at most locationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and grazing potential of wheats of four different maturity types”
e1“Simulated mean wheat yields exceeded 6 t/ha at most locations”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest simulated mean grain yields (8–10 t/ha) occurred in southern Victoria.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- mean grain yieldse2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 8–10 t/hae2
- Setting
- southern Victoriae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and grazing potential of wheats of four different maturity types”
e2“highest mean grain yields (8–10 t/ha) in southern Victoria”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower simulated yields (5–7 t/ha) occurred in south-west Western Australia and in central and northern New South Wales.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- yieldse3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Value
- 5–7 t/hae3
- Setting
- the south-west of Western Australia (WA)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and grazing potential of wheats of four different maturity types”
e3“lower yields (5–7 t/ha) in the south-west of Western Australia (WA) and central and northern New South Wales (NSW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter cultivars sown early gave 2–3 times more grazing days than spring cultivars, with 1700–3000 DSE-days/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- winter cultivars sown early (March–mid-April)e5
- Outcome
- grazing dayse5
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 1700–3000 DSE-days/hae6
- Qualifier
- 200–800 DSE-days/hae4
- Comparator
- spring cultivarse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and grazing potential of wheats of four different maturity types”
e4“this was 2–3 times higher than could be obtained from grazing spring cultivars (200–800 DSE-days/ha)”
e5“Highest grazing days were from winter cultivars sown early (March–mid-April)”
e6“which could provide 1700–3000 DSE-days/ha of grazing across HRZ locations”
Claim · model-written summary
Each 1-week delay in sowing after 8 March reduced grazing by 200–250 DSE-days/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 1-week delay in sowing after 8 Marche7
- Outcome
- grazinge7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 200–250 DSE-days/hae7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and grazing potential of wheats of four different maturity types”
e7“each 1-week delay in sowing after 8 March reduced grazing by 200–250 DSE-days/ha and grain yield by 0.45 t/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Each 1-week delay in sowing after 8 March reduced grain yield by 0.45 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 1-week delay in sowing after 8 Marche7
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 0.45 t/hae7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and grazing potential of wheats of four different maturity types”
e7“each 1-week delay in sowing after 8 March reduced grazing by 200–250 DSE-days/ha and grain yield by 0.45 t/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
A lower frequency of early sowing opportunities is likely to limit the potential to use winter cultivars in Mediterranean climates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early sowing opportunities before mid-Aprile7
- Outcome
- the potential to use winter cultivarse7
- Direction
- limite7
- Setting
- Mediterranean climatese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and grazing potential of wheats of four different maturity types”
e7“in Mediterranean climates, a lower frequency of early sowing opportunities before mid-April (<30% of years) is likely to limit the potential to use winter cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant national potential exists for dual-purpose use of winter wheat cultivars across Australia’s HRZ.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- national potential for dual-purpose use of winter wheat cultivarse7
- Setting
- across Australia’s HRZe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and grazing potential of wheats of four different maturity types”
e7“Overall, we found significant national potential for dual-purpose use of winter wheat cultivars across Australia’s HRZ”
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