Abstract
AbstractEarly blight is an economically important foliar disease of processing and fresh market tomatoes. The aim of this multi-year field study was to investigate the impact of weekly foliar sprays of dried and aqueous formulations of Bacillus subtilis QST 713 (Serenade and Rhapsody), alone or as tank mixes with copper hydroxide, on early blight disease development and fruit yields of tomato. Field plots were established in London, Ontario during the 2008–2010 growing seasons and disease conditions were created artificially by inoculations with spore suspension of the early blight pathogen. The tank mixes of copper hydroxide and chlorothalonil were included as a standard spray treatment. Late blight also appeared naturally in the plots late in 2009 and 2010 field seasons and affected fruit in both years, but more severely in 2009. Spray treatments had variable effects on tomato early blight and fruit yields depending on the level of disease pressure in the inoculated plots. The weekly sprays of biofungicide alone did not consistently reduce disease severity on tomato foliage or incidence on fruit, but in a tank mix with copper hydroxide, both formulations consistently reduced foliar disease severity even when disease pressure was high in plots. Under high disease conditions, copper hydroxide alone or as a tank mix with chlorothalonil also consistently reduced disease severity on foliage. The mixture of two fungicides also consistently increased total fruit yields in all 3 years. Plots sprayed with copper hydroxide alone and in tank mixes with chlorothalonil and the dried formulation of biofungicide consistently had less late blight-infected fruit. The combined effects of biofungicides and copper hydroxide or other fungicides should be further investigated for consistent disease management and yield improvement.RésuméL'alternariose est une maladie foliaire de grande importance économique qui touche autant les tomates de transformation que les tomates fraiches destinées au marché. Le but de cette étude pluriannuelle menée sur le terrain était d'évaluer les effets d'applications foliaires hebdomadaires de préparations aqueuses et sèches du biofongicide Serenade (Bacillus subtilis QST 713), seul ou comme mélanges en réservoir avec de l'hydroxyde de cuivre, sur le développement de l'alternariose et le rendement des plants de tomate. De 2008 à 2010, durant les saisons de croissance, des parcelles ont été délimitées à London, en Ontario, et la maladie y a été introduite artificiellement en inoculant les plants avec une suspension de spores de l'agent pathogène. Les mélanges en réservoir d'hydroxyde de cuivre et de chlorthalonil constituaient un traitement par pulvérisation standard. Tard dans les saisons de 2009 et 2010, le mildiou est apparu naturellement dans les parcelles et a infecté les fruits, mais plus gravement en 2009. Les traitements par pulvérisation ont eu des effets variables sur l'alternariose de la tomate et le rendement des plants, selon le taux de pression de la maladie dans les parcelles inoculées. Les pulvérisations hebdomadaires de biofongicide utilisé seul n'ont pas invariablement réduit la gravité de la maladie sur le feuillage des plants ni son incidence sur les fruits, mais, dans les mélanges en réservoir avec l'hydroxyde de cuivre, les deux préparations ont invariablement réduit la gravité de la maladie sur le feuillage, et ce, même lorsque, dans les parcelles, la pression de la maladie était forte. Dans les cas de forte pression de la maladie, l'hydroxyde de cuivre utilisé seul, ou comme mélange en réservoir avec le chlorthalonil, a également réduit invariablement la gravité de la maladie sur le feuillage. Le mélange des deux fongicides a également accru invariablement le rendement total des plants durant les trois années. Les parcelles pulvérisées seulement avec l'hydroxyde de cuivre et en mélanges en réservoir avec le chlorthalonil et la préparation sèche de biofongicide ont invariablement produit moins de tomates infectées par le mildiou. Les effets combinés des biofongicides et de l'hydroxyde de cuivre ou d'autres fongicides devraient être davantage étudiés afin de gérer plus efficacement la maladie et d'améliorer le rendement.Keywords: biofungicidedisease managementearly blighttomatoMots clés: alternariosebiofongicidegestion des maladiestomate AcknowledgementsTechnical support was provided by Igor Lalin, Salaheddin Khabbaz, Albert Asztalos, Bruce McPherson and several summer students during 2008–2010. This research was partly funded by research grants from AgraQuest Inc., Davis, CA and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Late blight appeared naturally in 2009 and 2010 and affected tomato fruit, more severely in 2009.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Outcome
- Late blighte0
- Direction
- more severelye0
- Setting
- 2009 and 2010 field seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late blight also appeared naturally in the plots late in 2009 and 2010 field seasons and affected fruit in both years, but more severely in 2009.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofungicide alone did not consistently reduce foliar disease severity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- weekly sprays of biofungicide alonee0
- Outcome
- disease severity on tomato foliagee0
- Direction
- did not consistently reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The weekly sprays of biofungicide alone did not consistently reduce disease severity on tomato foliage or incidence on fruit, but in a tank mix with copper hydroxide, both formulations consistently reduced foliar disease severity even when disease pressure was high in plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofungicide alone did not consistently reduce fruit disease incidence.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- weekly sprays of biofungicide alonee0
- Outcome
- incidence on fruite0
- Direction
- did not consistently reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The weekly sprays of biofungicide alone did not consistently reduce disease severity on tomato foliage or incidence on fruit, but in a tank mix with copper hydroxide, both formulations consistently reduced foliar disease severity even when disease pressure was high in plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofungicide mixed with copper hydroxide consistently reduced foliar disease severity, even under high disease pressure.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- tank mix with copper hydroxidee0
- Outcome
- foliar disease severitye0
- Direction
- consistently reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The weekly sprays of biofungicide alone did not consistently reduce disease severity on tomato foliage or incidence on fruit, but in a tank mix with copper hydroxide, both formulations consistently reduced foliar disease severity even when disease pressure was high in plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper hydroxide alone reduced foliar disease severity under high disease pressure.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- copper hydroxide alonee0
- Outcome
- disease severity on foliagee0
- Direction
- consistently reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under high disease conditions, copper hydroxide alone or as a tank mix with chlorothalonil also consistently reduced disease severity on foliage.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper hydroxide mixed with chlorothalonil reduced foliar disease severity under high disease pressure.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- tank mix with chlorothalonile0
- Outcome
- disease severity on foliagee0
- Direction
- consistently reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under high disease conditions, copper hydroxide alone or as a tank mix with chlorothalonil also consistently reduced disease severity on foliage.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
The two-fungicide mixture consistently increased total tomato fruit yield in all three years.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- mixture of two fungicidese0
- Outcome
- total fruit yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- all 3 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mixture of two fungicides also consistently increased total fruit yields in all 3 years.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
copper hydroxide alone reduced late blight infected tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- copper hydroxide alonee0
- Outcome
- late blight-infected fruite0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plots sprayed with copper hydroxide alone and in tank mixes with chlorothalonil and the dried formulation of biofungicide consistently had less late blight-infected fruit.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
tank mixes with chlorothalonil reduced late blight infected tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- tank mixes with chlorothalonile0
- Outcome
- late blight-infected fruite0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plots sprayed with copper hydroxide alone and in tank mixes with chlorothalonil and the dried formulation of biofungicide consistently had less late blight-infected fruit.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
dried formulation of biofungicide reduced late blight infected tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- dried formulation of biofungicidee0
- Outcome
- late blight-infected fruite0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plots sprayed with copper hydroxide alone and in tank mixes with chlorothalonil and the dried formulation of biofungicide consistently had less late blight-infected fruit.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend further investigation of combined biofungicide and fungicide effects on disease management and yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- consistent disease management and yield improvemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined effects of biofungicides and copper hydroxide or other fungicides should be further investigated for consistent disease management and yield improvement.”
t0“tomatoes”
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