Abstract
Weed management is a major constraint of organic vegetable production and perennial weeds such as purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus ) are particularly difficult to control. A study was initiated in 2005 to determine how summer fallow techniques impact purple nutsedge population density, tuber number and tuber viability; and to evaluate the impact of the treatments on the yields of two fall crops differing in canopy size and rate of development. Clean fallow treatments accomplished with weekly tillage or weekly flaming were conducted for 12 weeks. Two sets of summer cover crop treatments of sunn hemp ( Crotalaria juncea ) were established by broadcasting 40 lb of seed per acre and were undercut at 13 weeks after seeding. Cover crop residue was either incorporated before transplanting or retained on the surface as mulch for the fall crops of lettuce and broccoli. Soil solarization was initiated on 2 July and the transparent solarization film was maintained in place until mid-October. A weedy fallow treatment was included as a control, which was tilled before establishing the fall crops. Before the initiation of the summer fallow treatments, no difference in viable tubers or nutsedge shoot density was observed. After fallow, flaming had the highest number of viable tubers, with all other treatments similar to the weedy control. Nutsedge shoot density was suppressed by all fallow treatments to lower levels than with the weedy control, but solarization was the least effective. Leaf-cutting insects eliminated the crops in the sunn hemp mulch treatment within days of being transplanted. Lettuce stands with all other treatments were similar and greater than with the weedy control. Highest broccoli stands were obtained with flaming, solarization, and tillage; but broccoli stand with incorporated sunn hemp was similar to the weedy control. Highest lettuce yields occurred with incorporated sunn hemp, solarization, and weekly tillage. However, lettuce yields with flaming and the weedy control did not differ statistically. Broccoli yields were greatest with flaming, solarization, and tillage. Broccoli development was delayed with the weedy control and incorporated sunn hemp treatments and no significant yield was obtained.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Before treatment, viable tubers and nutsedge shoot density did not differ.
Verbatim
e0“Before the initiation of the summer fallow treatments, no difference in viable tubers or nutsedge shoot density was observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flaming produced the highest number of viable nutsedge tubers after fallow.
Verbatim
e0“After fallow, flaming had the highest number of viable tubers, with all other treatments similar to the weedy control.”
t0“PURPLE NUTSEDGE”
Claim · model-written summary
Other fallow treatments had viable tuber numbers similar to the weedy control.
Verbatim
e0“After fallow, flaming had the highest number of viable tubers, with all other treatments similar to the weedy control.”
t0“PURPLE NUTSEDGE”
Claim · model-written summary
All fallow treatments suppressed nutsedge shoot density relative to the weedy control.
Verbatim
e0“Nutsedge shoot density was suppressed by all fallow treatments to lower levels than with the weedy control, but solarization was the least effective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Solarization was the least effective fallow treatment for suppressing nutsedge shoots.
Verbatim
e0“Nutsedge shoot density was suppressed by all fallow treatments to lower levels than with the weedy control, but solarization was the least effective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf-cutting insects eliminated lettuce in sunn hemp mulch within days of transplanting.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae1 - Treatment
- sunn hemp mulch treatmente0
- Interactor
- Leaf-cutting insectse0pest
- Second interactor
- sunn hemp
Crotalaria junceae0other - Outcome
- eliminated the cropse0
- Qualifier
- within days of being transplantede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf-cutting insects eliminated the crops in the sunn hemp mulch treatment within days of being transplanted.”
e1“the fall crops of lettuce and broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf-cutting insects eliminated broccoli in sunn hemp mulch within days of transplanting.
- Taxon
- broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicae1 - Treatment
- sunn hemp mulch treatmente0
- Interactor
- Leaf-cutting insectse0pest
- Second interactor
- sunn hempCrotalaria junceae0other
- Outcome
- eliminated the cropse0
- Qualifier
- within days of being transplantede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf-cutting insects eliminated the crops in the sunn hemp mulch treatment within days of being transplanted.”
e1“the fall crops of lettuce and broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce stands in all treatments other than sunn hemp mulch were similar to each other and greater than the weedy control.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- all other treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Lettuce standse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- similare0
- Comparator
- weedy controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lettuce stands with all other treatments were similar and greater than with the weedy control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flaming, solarization and tillage produced the highest broccoli stands.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- flaming, solarization, and tillagee0
- Outcome
- broccoli standse0
- Direction
- Higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest broccoli stands were obtained with flaming, solarization, and tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Broccoli stand under incorporated sunn hemp was similar to the weedy control.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- incorporated sunn hempe0
- Interactor
- sunn hempCrotalaria junceae0other
- Outcome
- broccoli stande0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- weedy controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broccoli stand with incorporated sunn hemp was similar to the weedy control”
Claim · model-written summary
Incorporated sunn hemp, solarization and weekly tillage produced the highest lettuce yields.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- incorporated sunn hemp, solarization, and weekly tillagee0
- Interactor
- sunn hempCrotalaria junceae0other
- Outcome
- lettuce yieldse0
- Direction
- Higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest lettuce yields occurred with incorporated sunn hemp, solarization, and weekly tillage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce yields under flaming did not differ statistically from the weedy control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- flaminge0
- Outcome
- lettuce yieldse0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- weedy controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lettuce yields with flaming and the weedy control did not differ statistically”
Claim · model-written summary
Broccoli yields were greatest under flaming, solarization and tillage.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- flaming, solarization, and tillagee0
- Outcome
- Broccoli yieldse0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Broccoli yields were greatest with flaming, solarization, and tillage.”
Claim · model-written summary
The weedy control delayed broccoli development.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- weedy controle0
- Outcome
- Broccoli developmente0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Broccoli development was delayed with the weedy control and incorporated sunn hemp treatments and no significant yield was obtained.”
Claim · model-written summary
Incorporated sunn hemp delayed broccoli development.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- incorporated sunn hempe0
- Interactor
- sunn hempCrotalaria junceae0other
- Outcome
- Broccoli developmente0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Broccoli development was delayed with the weedy control and incorporated sunn hemp treatments and no significant yield was obtained.”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant broccoli yield was obtained under the weedy control.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- weedy controle0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no significant yielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Broccoli development was delayed with the weedy control and incorporated sunn hemp treatments and no significant yield was obtained.”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant broccoli yield was obtained under incorporated sunn hemp.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- incorporated sunn hempe0
- Interactor
- sunn hempCrotalaria junceae0other
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no significant yielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Broccoli development was delayed with the weedy control and incorporated sunn hemp treatments and no significant yield was obtained.”
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tillage · organism · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.