Abstract
SUMMARY From 1980 to 1983 factorial experiments at Saxmundham were made on winter wheat following beans, so as to minimize losses from foot and root rots and increase potential yields. All tested seed-bed N, and amounts and times of application of N in spring, both with and without sprays intended to limit losses from aphids and from diseases. The tests were made on one semi-dwarf variety in 1980 and on two contrasting varieties from 1981 to 1983. In 1982 and 1983 a comparison was made between wheat following beans and wheat following wheat; all treatments were applied cumulatively to the two successive wheat crops. In 1980 and in 1981 N given in March greatly increased the number of shoots in April but had little effect on the final number of ears. Yields of grain were greatly increased by N given during April and by sequential sprays with fungicides and aphicide; these two factors interacted so that responses to N were larger with the sprays than without. Yield responses to seed-bed N, although small, were greater than the benefits from applying divided instead of single N dressings in spring. The number of ears was greatly increased by increasing the amount of N given in April, but only slightly by any of the other treatments. The weight of 1000 grains was greatly increased by the sprays of aphicide and fungicides and was decreased by N in 1981, but not in 1980. Largest yields of grain were 10·14 t/ha in 1980 and 10·91 t/ha in 1981 when N was given in spring at 160 and 200 kg/ha respectively, and the crops were sprayed with pesticides. In 1982 and 1983 N applied in March again greatly increased the number of shoots in April, but not the final number of ears. Yields of grain were larger after beans than after wheat, mainly because the number of ears and the weight of 1000 grains were greater. This may have been because take-all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ) was more severe where wheat followed wheat. Previous cropping also interacted with variety; Avalon yielded slightly less than Norman where take-all was slight but much less where take-all was severe. Where N was given the mean loss in yield from growing Avalon rather than Norman in the 2 years was 2·47 t/ha after wheat and 0·37 t/ha after beans. The take-all disease ratings of Norman and Avalon after wheat were 132 and 197 respectively. Yields of grain were greatly increased by N given during April, especially of wheat following wheat and where it was protected with sprays; then the mean yield was only 2·79 t/ha without N but 8·78 with 235 kg N/ha. Where wheat followed beans, yields were 6·89 t/ha without N and 11·07 with 175 kg N/ha. Applying N to the seed bed increased yields slightly, and again by more than by dividing the dressing of N in spring. The number of ears was greatly increased by N in spring and a little by all the other factors that increased grain yield. The weight of 1000 grains was increased greatly by the sprays of aphicide and fungicides, was decreased by N, and was larger for Norman than for Avalon. In 1980–1, after beans, the mean amounts of N removed by the grain (where aphicide and fungicides were given) ranged from 81 kg/ha without N fertilizer to 167 where most N was given. In 1982–3 comparable values ranged from 86 kg N/ha to 191 where wheat followed beans and from 35 kg N/ha to 168 where wheat followed wheat.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
March nitrogen increased April shoots but barely changed final ears in 1980–81.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- N given in Marche0
- Outcome
- number of shoots in Aprile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N given in March greatly increased the number of shoots in April but had little effect on the final number of ears.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
April nitrogen greatly increased grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N given during Aprile0
- Outcome
- Yields of graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980 and in 1981 N given in March greatly increased the number of shoots in April but had little effect on the final number of ears. Yields of grain were greatly increased by N given during April”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential pesticide sprays greatly increased grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sequential sprays with fungicides and aphicidee0
- Outcome
- Yields of graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields of grain were greatly increased by N given during April and by sequential sprays with fungicides and aphicide”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen yield responses were larger with sprays.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sprayse0
- Outcome
- responses to Ne0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- withoute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“responses to N were larger with the sprays than without.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-bed nitrogen yield responses were small but exceeded the benefit of splitting spring nitrogen.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed-bed Ne0
- Outcome
- Yield responsese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- divided instead of single N dressings in springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield responses to seed-bed N, although small, were greater than the benefits from applying divided instead of single N dressings in spring.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
More April nitrogen greatly increased ears.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing the amount of N given in Aprile0
- Outcome
- number of earse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of ears was greatly increased by increasing the amount of N given in April”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pesticide sprays greatly increased thousand-grain weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sprays of aphicide and fungicidese0
- Outcome
- weight of 1000 grainse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The weight of 1000 grains was greatly increased by the sprays of aphicide and fungicides”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen decreased thousand-grain weight in 1981.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- weight of 1000 grainse1
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was decreased by N in 1981, but not in 1980.”
e1“The weight of 1000 grains was greatly increased by the sprays of aphicide and fungicides”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Peak grain yields reached 10·14 t/ha in 1980 and 10·91 t/ha in 1981 with spring nitrogen and sprays.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yields of graine0
- Value
- 10·14 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Largest yields of grain were 10·14 t/ha in 1980 and 10·91 t/ha in 1981 when N was given in spring at 160 and 200 kg/ha respectively, and the crops were sprayed with pesticides.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat following beans yielded more than wheat following wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Yields of graine0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- after wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields of grain were larger after beans than after wheat, mainly because the number of ears and the weight of 1000 grains were greater.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Take-all was more severe when wheat followed wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Gaeumannomyces graminis var. triticiGaeumannomyces triticie0pathogen
- Outcome
- take-alle0
- Direction
- more severee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“take-all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ) was more severe where wheat followed wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Avalon yielded less than Norman, especially where take-all was severe.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Avalon yielded slightly less than Norman where take-all was slight but much less where take-all was severe.”
t0“winter wheat, following either beans or wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
With nitrogen, Avalon yield loss relative to Norman was 2·47 t/ha after wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Avalone0
- Outcome
- loss in yielde0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 2·47 t/hae0
- Comparator
- Normane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Where N was given the mean loss in yield from growing Avalon rather than Norman in the 2 years was 2·47 t/ha after wheat and 0·37 t/ha after beans.”
t0“winter wheat, following either beans or wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Take-all ratings after wheat were 132 for Norman and 197 for Avalon.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Normane0
- Outcome
- take-all disease ratingse0
- Value
- 132e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The take-all disease ratings of Norman and Avalon after wheat were 132 and 197 respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
April nitrogen greatly increased yield in 1982–83, especially after wheat and with sprays.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N given during Aprile0
- Outcome
- Yields of graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields of grain were greatly increased by N given during April, especially of wheat following wheat and where it was protected with sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
With sprays after wheat, mean yield rose from 2·79 t/ha without nitrogen to 8·78 with 235 kg N/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 235 kg N/hae0
- Outcome
- mean yielde0
- Value
- 8·78e0
- Comparator
- without Ne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“then the mean yield was only 2·79 t/ha without N but 8·78 with 235 kg N/ha.”
t0“winter wheat, following either beans or wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
After beans, yields were 6·89 t/ha without nitrogen and 11·07 with 175 kg N/ha.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Where wheat followed beans, yields were 6·89 t/ha without N and 11·07 with 175 kg N/ha.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-bed nitrogen slightly increased yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N to the seed bede0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying N to the seed bed increased yields slightly”
t0“winter wheat, following either beans or wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring nitrogen greatly increased ear numbers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N in springe0
- Outcome
- number of earse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of ears was greatly increased by N in spring”
t0“winter wheat, following either beans or wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain nitrogen removal rose with fertilizer amount across years and preceding crops.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- N removed by the graine0
- Value
- 81 kg/hae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mean amounts of N removed by the grain (where aphicide and fungicides were given) ranged from 81 kg/ha without N fertilizer to 167 where most N was given.”
t0“winter wheat, following either beans or wheat”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
231 papers in the same direction as this paper · 30 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
258 papers more in this group
See all 262 papers →application · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
794 papers in the same direction as this paper · 75 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
873 papers more in this group
See all 877 papers →nitrogen · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1,736 papers in the same direction as this paper · 285 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
2,057 papers more in this group
See all 2,061 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.