Abstract
Chlorine concentrations (pH 6 to 7 and 22 to 27°C) that killed arthrospores (spores) of Geotrichum candidum or sporangioles (spores) of Rhizopus stolonifer, causal agents of sour rot and Rhizopus rot, respectively, in moving water within 30 to 45 s did not prevent these pathogens from inoculating wounded tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in a water flume containing chlorine and spores. Free chlorine concentrations of 20 or 25 mg/liter were lethal to spores of G. candidum within 30 s in most in vitro tests, whereas spores of R. stolonifer were slightly less sensitive. Wounded tomatoes placed in a flume with free chlorine at 30 mg/liter and then exposed to spores for 1 min developed about 50% less decay incidence during storage at 24°C for 6 days than did fruit exposed to spores and water alone. In the absence of chlorine, incidence averaged 57% (range, 15 to 95%) for R. stolonifer and 38% (range, 17 to 58%) for G. candidum. Sporadic sour rot lesions were observed among fruit that had been treated with free chlorine at 75 mg/liter, whereas chlorine at up to 180 mg/liter failed to completely protect fruit from Rhizopus rot. A water-soluble dye rapidly penetrated wounds on tomato fruit. The dye framed the outlines of cells at the wound surface and appeared to penetrate into a few intercel-lular spaces. Application of 1% sodium hypochlorite decolorized the dye on the wound surface, whereas deposits located below the wound surface remained blue. Thus, spores suspended in moving water can escape the action of chlorine if carried into intercellular spaces by diffusion or by capillary movement of cell sap and water.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorine concentrations that killed Geotrichum candidum and Rhizopus stolonifer spores in moving water within 30 to 45 s did not prevent these pathogens from inoculating wounded tomatoes in a water flume containing chlorine and spores.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- Chlorine concentrationse0
- Interactor
- Geotrichum candidum
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Geotrichum candidume0pathogen - Second interactor
- Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizopus stolonifere0pathogen - Outcome
- inoculating wounded tomatoese0
- Direction
- did not prevente0
- Setting
- water flume containing chlorine and sporese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Chlorine concentrations (pH 6 to 7 and 22 to 27°C) that killed arthrospores (spores) of Geotrichum candidum or sporangioles (spores) of Rhizopus stolonifer, causal agents of sour rot and Rhizopus rot, respectively, in moving water within 30 to 45 s did not prevent these pathogens from inoculating wounded tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in a water flume containing chlorine and spores”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounded tomatoes in a flume with free chlorine at 30 mg/liter exposed to spores for 1 min developed about 50% less decay incidence during storage at 24°C for 6 days than fruit exposed to spores and water alone.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- free chlorine at 30 mg/litere1
- Outcome
- decay incidencee1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Value
- about 50%e1
- Comparator
- spores and water alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Wounded tomatoes placed in a flume with free chlorine at 30 mg/liter and then exposed to spores for 1 min developed about 50% less decay incidence during storage at 24°C for 6 days than did fruit exposed to spores and water alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Without chlorine, Rhizopus stolonifer decay incidence in wounded tomatoes averaged 57% (range 15 to 95%).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- R. stoloniferRhizopus stolonifere2pathogen
- Outcome
- incidencee2
- Value
- 57%e2
- Qualifier
- range, 15 to 95%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In the absence of chlorine, incidence averaged 57% (range, 15 to 95%) for R. stolonifer and 38% (range, 17 to 58%) for G. candidum”
t0“Inoculation of Tomato Fruit in Packinghouse Dump Tanks”
Claim · model-written summary
Without chlorine, Geotrichum candidum decay incidence in wounded tomatoes averaged 38% (range 17 to 58%).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- G. candidumGeotrichum candidume2pathogen
- Outcome
- incidencee2
- Value
- 38%e2
- Qualifier
- range, 17 to 58%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In the absence of chlorine, incidence averaged 57% (range, 15 to 95%) for R. stolonifer and 38% (range, 17 to 58%) for G. candidum”
t0“Inoculation of Tomato Fruit in Packinghouse Dump Tanks”
Claim · model-written summary
Sporadic sour rot lesions were observed among tomato fruit treated with free chlorine at 75 mg/liter.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- free chlorine at 75 mg/litere3
- Outcome
- Sporadic sour rot lesionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Sporadic sour rot lesions were observed among fruit that had been treated with free chlorine at 75 mg/liter”
t0“Inoculation of Tomato Fruit in Packinghouse Dump Tanks”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorine at up to 180 mg/liter failed to completely protect tomato fruit from Rhizopus rot.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chlorine at up to 180 mg/litere4
- Outcome
- Rhizopus rote4
- Direction
- failed to completely protecte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“chlorine at up to 180 mg/liter failed to completely protect fruit from Rhizopus rot”
t0“Inoculation of Tomato Fruit in Packinghouse Dump Tanks”
Claim · model-written summary
Free chlorine at 20 or 25 mg/liter was lethal to spores of Geotrichum candidum within 30 s in most in vitro tests.
- Taxon
- G. candidumGeotrichum candidume5
- Treatment
- Free chlorine concentrations of 20 or 25 mg/litere5
- Interactor
- G. candidumGeotrichum candidume5pathogen
- Outcome
- lethal to sporese5
- Qualifier
- within 30 s in most in vitro testse5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Free chlorine concentrations of 20 or 25 mg/liter were lethal to spores of G. candidum within 30 s in most in vitro tests, whereas spores of R. stolonifer were slightly less sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
Spores of Rhizopus stolonifer were slightly less sensitive to free chlorine than spores of G. candidum in vitro.
- Taxon
- R. stoloniferRhizopus stolonifere5
- Treatment
- Free chlorine concentrations of 20 or 25 mg/litere5
- Interactor
- R. stoloniferRhizopus stolonifere5pathogen
- Outcome
- sensitivee5
- Direction
- slightly less sensitivee5
- Comparator
- spores of G. candidume5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Free chlorine concentrations of 20 or 25 mg/liter were lethal to spores of G. candidum within 30 s in most in vitro tests, whereas spores of R. stolonifer were slightly less sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
A water-soluble dye rapidly penetrated wounds on tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomato fruitSolanum lycopersicume6
- Outcome
- dye rapidly penetrated woundse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“A water-soluble dye rapidly penetrated wounds on tomato fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 1% sodium hypochlorite decolorized the dye on the wound surface of tomato fruit, whereas deposits below the wound surface remained blue.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of 1% sodium hypochloritee7
- Outcome
- decolorized the dye on the wound surfacee7
- Qualifier
- deposits located below the wound surface remained bluee7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Application of 1% sodium hypochlorite decolorized the dye on the wound surface, whereas deposits located below the wound surface remained blue”
t0“Inoculation of Tomato Fruit in Packinghouse Dump Tanks”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that spores suspended in moving water can escape chlorine if carried into intercellular spaces by diffusion or capillary movement of cell sap and water.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- spores suspended in moving water can escape the action of chlorinee0
- Qualifier
- carried into intercellular spaces by diffusion or by capillary movement of cell sap and watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spores suspended in moving water can escape the action of chlorine if carried into intercellular spaces by diffusion or by capillary movement of cell sap and water”
t0“Inoculation of Tomato Fruit in Packinghouse Dump Tanks”
The same questions in other papers
dichlorine · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.