Abstract
Exotic plants bring with them traits that evolved elsewhere into their new ranges. These traits may make them unattractive or even toxic to native herbivores, or vice versa. Here, interactions between two species of specialist (Pieris rapae and P. brassicae) and two species of generalist (Spodoptera exigua and Mamestra brassicae) insect herbivores were examined on two native crucifer species in the Netherlands, Brassica nigra and Sinapis arvensis, and an exotic, Bunias orientalis. Bu. orientalis originates in eastern Europe and western Asia but is now an invasive pest in many countries in central Europe. P. rapae, P. brassicae and S. exigua performed very poorly on Bu. orientalis, with close to 100% of larvae failing to pupate, whereas survival was much higher on the native plants. In choice experiments, the pierid butterflies preferred to oviposit on the native plants. Alternatively, M. brassicae developed very poorly on the native plants but thrived on Bu. orientalis. Further assays with a German Bu. orientalis population also showed that several specialist and generalist herbivores performed very poorly on this plant, with the exception of Spodoptera littoralis and M. brassicae. Bu. orientalis produced higher levels of secondary plant compounds (glucosinolates) than B. nigra but not S. arvensis but these do not appear to be important factors for herbivore development. Our results suggest that Bu. orientalis is a potential demographic ‘trap’ for some herbivores, such as pierid butterflies. However, through the effects of an evolutionary ‘lottery’, M. brassicae has found its way through the plant’s chemical ‘minefield’.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Pieris rapae larvae performed poorly on Bunias orientalis, with nearly all failing to pupate.
- Taxon
- Bunias orientalis
Bunias orientalist0 - Interactor
- P. rapae
Pieris rapaee0herbivoret1 - Outcome
- larvae failing to pupatee0
- Direction
- very poorlye0
- Value
- close to 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. rapae, P. brassicae and S. exigua performed very poorly on Bu. orientalis, with close to 100% of larvae failing to pupate, whereas survival was much higher on the native plants.”
t0“Bunias orientalis”
t1“Bunias orientalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Pieris brassicae larvae performed poorly on Bunias orientalis, with nearly all failing to pupate.
- Taxon
- Bunias orientalisBunias orientalist0
- Interactor
- P. brassicae
_Pieris_brassicae_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_female.jpg?width=60)
Pieris brassicaee0herbivoret1 - Outcome
- larvae failing to pupatee0
- Direction
- very poorlye0
- Value
- close to 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Pieris_brassicae_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_female.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“P. rapae, P. brassicae and S. exigua performed very poorly on Bu. orientalis, with close to 100% of larvae failing to pupate, whereas survival was much higher on the native plants.”
t0“Bunias orientalis”
t1“Bunias orientalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Spodoptera exigua larvae performed poorly on Bunias orientalis, with nearly all failing to pupate.
- Taxon
- Bunias orientalisBunias orientalist0
- Interactor
- S. exigua
Spodoptera exiguae0herbivoret1 - Outcome
- larvae failing to pupatee0
- Direction
- very poorlye0
- Value
- close to 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. rapae, P. brassicae and S. exigua performed very poorly on Bu. orientalis, with close to 100% of larvae failing to pupate, whereas survival was much higher on the native plants.”
t0“Bunias orientalis”
t1“Bunias orientalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Pierid butterflies preferred native crucifers for oviposition.
Verbatim
e0“the pierid butterflies preferred to oviposit on the native plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mamestra brassicae developed poorly on native crucifers.
- Taxon
- native plantse0
- Interactor
- M. brassicae
_-_(imago)%2C_Arnhem%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg?width=60)
Mamestra brassicaee0herbivore - Outcome
- developed very poorlye0
- Direction
- very poorlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_(imago)%2C_Arnhem%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“M. brassicae developed very poorly on the native plants but thrived on Bu. orientalis.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mamestra brassicae thrived on Bunias orientalis.
- Taxon
- Bunias orientalisBunias orientalist0
- Interactor
- M. brassicaeMamestra brassicaee0herbivoret1
- Outcome
- thrivede0
- Direction
- thrivede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M. brassicae developed very poorly on the native plants but thrived on Bu. orientalis.”
t0“Bunias orientalis”
t1“Bunias orientalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Several herbivores performed poorly on a German Bunias orientalis population.
- Taxon
- Bunias orientalisBunias orientalist0
- Outcome
- herbivores performed very poorlye0
- Setting
- Germane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further assays with a German Bu. orientalis population also showed that several specialist and generalist herbivores performed very poorly on this plant, with the exception of Spodoptera littoralis and M. brassicae.”
t0“Bunias orientalis”
t1“Bunias orientalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Spodoptera littoralis was an exception to poor herbivore performance on German Bunias orientalis.
- Taxon
- Bunias orientalisBunias orientalist0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera littoralis
Spodoptera littoralise0herbivoret1 - Outcome
- exceptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the exception of Spodoptera littoralis and M. brassicae.”
t0“Bunias orientalis”
t1“Bunias orientalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mamestra brassicae was an exception to poor herbivore performance on German Bunias orientalis.
- Taxon
- Bunias orientalisBunias orientalist0
- Interactor
- M. brassicaeMamestra brassicaee0herbivoret1
- Outcome
- exceptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the exception of Spodoptera littoralis and M. brassicae.”
t0“Bunias orientalis”
t1“Bunias orientalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Bunias orientalis produced more glucosinolates than Brassica nigra.
- Taxon
- Bunias orientalisBunias orientalist0
- Outcome
- secondary plant compounds (glucosinolates)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- B. nigrae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bu. orientalis produced higher levels of secondary plant compounds (glucosinolates) than B. nigra but not S. arvensis”
t0“Bunias orientalis”
t1“Bunias orientalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Bunias orientalis did not produce more glucosinolates than Sinapis arvensis.
- Taxon
- Bunias orientalisBunias orientalist0
- Outcome
- secondary plant compounds (glucosinolates)e0
- Direction
- note0
- Comparator
- S. arvensise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bu. orientalis produced higher levels of secondary plant compounds (glucosinolates) than B. nigra but not S. arvensis”
t0“Bunias orientalis”
t1“Bunias orientalis”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucosinolates did not appear important for herbivore development.
- Taxon
- Bunias orientalisBunias orientalist0
- Outcome
- herbivore developmente0
- Qualifier
- do not appear to be important factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these do not appear to be important factors for herbivore development.”
t0“Bunias orientalis”
t1“Bunias orientalis”