Abstract
In central highlands of Kenya, the low soil fertility and inability to replenish it are amongst the major constraints affecting the productivity of maize and cash crops, leading to hunger and poverty. The adoption of ISFM technologies such as maize-soybean intercropping system is being promoted as one of the options to address low crop productivity among the farmers. This study intended to determine the effects of maize-soybean intercropping patterns on yields and to quantify the land equivalent ratio (LER) of different maize–soybean intercropping patterns in the two contrasting sites. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments were four maize (M) – soybean (S) intercropping patterns (conventional=1M:1S; MBILI-MBILI=2M:2S; 2M:4S; 2M:6S) and two sole crops of maize and soybean, respectively. The results showed that in both sites during the both seasons maize stover and grain yields were significantly affected by the intercropping pattern. During 2012 LR at Embu site the MBILI treatment produced significantly higher stover and grain yields (13.12 t ha-1, p=0.0001 and 6.11 t ha-1, p<0.0001, respectively) than all other treatments. During 2012 SR, still the MBILI treatment had recorded significantly the highest stover and grain yield (7.62 t ha-1, p<0.0001 and 5.62 t ha-1 p=0.0467, respectively) than all other treatments. During 2012 LR at Kamujine site the conventional treatment produced significantly the highest stover yield (3.87 t ha-1, p=0.0461) than only the 2M:6S treatment. During 2012 SR at Kamujine site, the MBILI treatment had recorded significantly the highest stover and grain yield (6.55 t ha-1, p=0.0005 and 3.55 t ha-1 p=0.0006, respectively) than all other treatments. During both seasons in both sites, the soybean yield was significantly affected by the intercropping pattern. During the 2012 LR, the yields were reduced by 60 and 81% due to the intercropping with maize, at Embu and Kamujine, respectively; whereas, during the 2012 SR, the yields were reduced by 52 and 78% as effect of intercropping with maize, at Embu and Kamujine, respectively. During both seasons at both locations, the partial land equivalent ratio (LER) values were significantly affected by the intercropping patterns (p<0.0001). Key words: Maize-soybean yields, land equivalent ratio, intercropping patterns, central highlands, Kenya.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
At Embu in 2012 long rains, MBILI produced the highest maize stover yield of 13.12 t ha-1.
- Treatment
- MBILIe0
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 13.12 t ha-1e0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
- Setting
- Embu sitee0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During 2012 LR at Embu site the MBILI treatment produced significantly higher stover and grain yields (13.12 t ha-1, p=0.0001 and 6.11 t ha-1, p<0.0001, respectively) than all other treatments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At Embu in 2012 long rains, MBILI produced the highest maize grain yield of 6.11 t ha-1.
- Treatment
- MBILIe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6.11 t ha-1e0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
- Setting
- Embu sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During 2012 LR at Embu site the MBILI treatment produced significantly higher stover and grain yields (13.12 t ha-1, p=0.0001 and 6.11 t ha-1, p<0.0001, respectively) than all other treatments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At Embu in 2012 short rains, MBILI produced the highest maize stover yield of 7.62 t ha-1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During 2012 SR, still the MBILI treatment had recorded significantly the highest stover and grain yield (7.62 t ha-1, p<0.0001 and 5.62 t ha-1 p=0.0467, respectively) than all other treatments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At Embu in 2012 short rains, MBILI produced the highest maize grain yield of 5.62 t ha-1.
- Treatment
- MBILIe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.62 t ha-1e0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During 2012 SR, still the MBILI treatment had recorded significantly the highest stover and grain yield (7.62 t ha-1, p<0.0001 and 5.62 t ha-1 p=0.0467, respectively) than all other treatments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At Kamujine in 2012 long rains, conventional intercropping gave the highest maize stover yield of 3.87 t ha-1 relative to 2M:6S.
- Treatment
- conventional treatmente0
- Outcome
- stover yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.87 t ha-1e0
- Comparator
- 2M:6S treatmente0
- Setting
- Kamujine sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During 2012 LR at Kamujine site the conventional treatment produced significantly the highest stover yield (3.87 t ha-1, p=0.0461) than only the 2M:6S treatment”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At Kamujine in 2012 short rains, MBILI produced the highest maize stover yield of 6.55 t ha-1.
- Treatment
- MBILIe0
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6.55 t ha-1e0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
- Setting
- Kamujine sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During 2012 SR at Kamujine site, the MBILI treatment had recorded significantly the highest stover and grain yield (6.55 t ha-1, p=0.0005 and 3.55 t ha-1 p=0.0006, respectively) than all other treatments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At Kamujine in 2012 short rains, MBILI produced the highest maize grain yield of 3.55 t ha-1.
- Treatment
- MBILIe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.55 t ha-1e0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
- Setting
- Kamujine sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During 2012 SR at Kamujine site, the MBILI treatment had recorded significantly the highest stover and grain yield (6.55 t ha-1, p=0.0005 and 3.55 t ha-1 p=0.0006, respectively) than all other treatments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize intercropping reduced soybean yield by 60% at Embu in the 2012 long rains.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- intercropping with maizee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 60e0
- Setting
- Embue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the 2012 LR, the yields were reduced by 60 and 81% due to the intercropping with maize, at Embu and Kamujine, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize intercropping reduced soybean yield by 81% at Kamujine in the 2012 long rains.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- intercropping with maizee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 81%e0
- Setting
- Kamujinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the 2012 LR, the yields were reduced by 60 and 81% due to the intercropping with maize, at Embu and Kamujine, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize intercropping reduced soybean yield by 52% at Embu in the 2012 short rains.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- intercropping with maizee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 52e0
- Setting
- Embue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during the 2012 SR, the yields were reduced by 52 and 78% as effect of intercropping with maize, at Embu and Kamujine, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize intercropping reduced soybean yield by 78% at Kamujine in the 2012 short rains.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- intercropping with maizee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 78%e0
- Setting
- Kamujinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during the 2012 SR, the yields were reduced by 52 and 78% as effect of intercropping with maize, at Embu and Kamujine, respectively”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial land equivalent ratio varied significantly with intercropping pattern across seasons and locations.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“During both seasons at both locations, the partial land equivalent ratio (LER) values were significantly affected by the intercropping patterns (p<0.0001)”
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